This added to the tense climate between slaves and grands blancs. The parallels with modern times, and particularly contemporary America, leap off the page". Ed. [7], Duncan's interest in Roman history grew from a "general interest in ancient civilizations." Through the struggle, the Haitian people ultimately won independence from France and thereby became the first country to be founded by former slaves. [145] The Greeks later received support from President Boyer during their fight against the Ottomans. White planters saw it as an opportunity to gain independence from France, which would allow them to take control of the island and create trade regulations that would further their own wealth and power. In it, the new head of state made the case for the new nation's objective: the permanent abolition of slavery in Haiti. Appendix 1- Coming Full Circle. With that, he withdrew a majority of the French forces in Haiti to counter the possibility of an invasion from Prussia, Britain, and Spain on a weakened France. [101] Once that was completed, slavery would be ultimately restored. 13 September 2013. It will be safeguarded for you, since it has been only too well earned by your own efforts. The Haitians burned French prisoners alive, cut them up with axes, or tied them to a board and sawed them into two. The Impact of the Haitian Revolution in the Atlantic World. [176] Yet Sonthonax was one of the few contenders who truly pushed for the independence of the African slaves and became a major factor in Toussaint's decision of declaring independence from France. The revolt began on 22 August 1791, and ended in 1804 with the former colony's independence. [119], Rochambeau, seeing defeat inevitable, procrastinated until the last possible moment, but eventually was forced to surrender to the British commanderby the end of the month the garrison was starving, having reached the conclusion at a council of war that surrender was the only way to escape from this "place of death". During the course of The History of Rome, Duncan married and made a special The History of Rome episode on Roman wedding customs in celebration. Hero of Two Worlds: The Marquis de Lafayette in the Age of Revolution, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, United States Declaration of Independence, French Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen, "Hero of two worlds: The Marquis de Lafayette and the Age of Revolution /", "Eye on Italy Interview: Episode 55: The History of Rome with Mike Duncan", "How Mike Duncan turned a passion for history into a podcasting career", "The Morning News: Articles Written By Mike Duncan & Jason Novak", "The Storm Before the Storm: An Interview With Historian and Podcast Superstar Mike Duncan", "Podcast Awards - Past Winners 2005-2016", "Podcasts Are Doing To Advertising What Uber Has Done To Transportation", "The Best History Podcasts to Listen to Right Now", "These Fascinating Podcasts Will Turn You Into a History Buff", "Revolutions, self-help and the election podcasts of the week", "The Storm Before the Storm: The Beginning of the End of the Roman Republic", "Hardcover Nonfiction Books - Best Sellers - November 12, 2017 - The New York Times", "The Lawfare Podcast: Populisms Ancient and Modern with Mike Duncan", "5 HOT BOOKS: A History of Bunk, the Fall of Rome (with Modern Parallels) and More", "Hardcover Nonfiction Books - Best Sellers - Books - Sept. 12, 2021 - the New York Times", "Why Don't the French Celebrate Lafayette? [28], Duncan's second book, Hero of Two Worlds: The Marquis de Lafayette in the Age of Revolution, is a biography about the Marquis de Lafayette during the American and French revolutions and their aftermaths. Jan 29, 2023 40:37. Soon, large-scale crop production would dominate the landscape, and the only people you would see working the farms were the slaves. The Haitian Revolution was a revolution ignited from below, by the underrepresented majority of the population. [71] Fortescue wrote that the aim of the British in the first expedition had been to destroy "the power of France in these pestilent islands only to discover when it was too late, that they practically destroyed the British army". [106] The final French column to arrive was the one commanded by Rochambeau, who brought along heavy artillery that knocked out the Haitian artillery, though his attempt to storm the ditch also ended in failure with about 300 of his men killed. Also, on the French side, none of the colonies were making as much money as Haiti, so they were trying to maintain control even while there was a lot of turmoil in France. "Haitian Revolution." To select and de-select layers click that little white box in the upper-left. In October 1790, another wealthy free man of color, Vincent Og, demanded the right to vote under the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. [24] Shortly afterwards, the ferocious Dessalines rode into Le Cap to submit to France and was rewarded by being made the governor of Saint-Marc, a place that Dessalines ruled with his customary cruelty. Greg Jenner is joined by Professor Marlene Daut and comedian Athena Kugblenu to examine the events and aftermath of the revolution in Haiti, the first nation to abolish slavery. [27][28][pageneeded] Louverture wrote a constitution for a new society in Saint-Domingue that abolished slavery. [161] In the Caribbean, total casualties totaled approximately 162,000. Frank Gulla | White women were "often raped or pushed into forced marriages under threat of death". Popkin, Jeremy D. 'You Are All Free: The Haitian Revolution and the Abolition of Slavery. The Assembly granted civil and political rights to free men of color in the colonies in March 1792. [83] On 10 May 1798, Maitland met with Toussaint to agree to an armistice, and on 18 May the British left Port-au-Prince. Citizenship was offered to any slave or oppressed person that made it to Haiti's shores as mandated by Dessaline's constitution. ), Posted by: "Impact of the French and Haitian Revolutions." Grace | John | Du Bois said that the Haitian Revolution was an economic pressure without which the British parliament would not have accepted abolitionism as readily. [164] The Enlightenment ideals and the initiation of the French Revolution were enough to inspire the Haitian Revolution, which evolved into the most successful and comprehensive slave rebellion in history. The independence of Haiti was a major blow to France and its colonial empire, but the French state would take several decades to recognize the loss of the colony. The black rebel was trapped and shot off a 1,000-foot-high cliff. Here is an episode index for his fabulous The History of Rome Podcast, Supplemental: Sir Edward Hyde, First Earl of Clarendon, Supplemental: The Declaration of Independence, The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, The Patriotic Society for the Development In Dublin and Cork, soldiers from the 104th, 105th, 111th, and 112th regiments rioted when they learned that they were being sent to Saint-Domingue. This was fairly common with the Spanish . A Muddy Knees Media production for BBC Radio 4. [149] The neighboring revolution brought the slavery question to the forefront of U.S. politics, and though inspiring to the enslaved themselves[150] the resulting intensification of racial divides and sectional politics ended the idealism of the Revolutionary period. [18] Even by the standards of the Caribbean, French slave masters were extremely cruel in their treatment of slaves. [83][85], In July 1797, Simcoe and Maitland sailed to London to advise a total withdrawal from Saint-Domingue. On one occasion, President Alexandre Petion protected Jamaican slaves from re-enslavement after they escaped their plantation and landed in the southern city of Jrmie. [114] Rochambeau imported about 15,000 attack dogs from Jamaica, who had been trained to savage blacks and mulattoes. [106], After the Battle of Crte--Pierrot, the Haitians abandoned conventional warfare and reverted to guerrilla tactics, making the French hold over much of the countryside from Le Cap down to the Artibonite valley very tenuous. A black leader named Goman kept alive the angry spirit of Dessalines in the southern mountains of the Grand-Anse, resisting several mulatto punitive expeditions. Barred from using the whip, many instead turned to lianes, which were thick vines abundant throughout the island, to persuade the laborers to keep working. [106] Toussaint was later deceived, seized by the French and shipped to France. [105] General Boudet himself was wounded and as the French dead and wounded started to pile up in the ditch, the French retreated. Much of Caribbean economic development in the 18th century was contingent on Europeans' demand for sugar. They didnt ration food like they were supposed to. They still practiced traditions and religions that they brought with them from Africa, and that influenced the revolution as well. The remaining French settlers were forced to leave the island. Available on. 07 December 2015 at 10:12 PM. The revolution was the only slave uprising that led to the founding of a state which was both free from slavery (though not from forced labour)[4] and ruled by non-whites and former captives. [143] On multiple occasions, Haiti's leaders offered asylum to liberal revolutionaries globally. Initially, Duncan planned to limit his podcast to 12-15 episodes per revolution, but he ran over that self-imposed limit with the English Civil War and the American Revolution and decided to give up on it for the French Revolution, which ultimately ended up being 54 episodes (not counting supplemental episodes). [86] On 31 August, Maitland and Toussaint signed an agreement whereby in exchange for the British pulling out of all of Saint-Domingue, Toussaint promised to not support any slave revolts in Jamaica. Haiti's troubles go back more than a century. The gens de couleur were seeing their chance for citizenship and equality because they couldnt practice certain professions and had to be separate in public spaces, and they also couldnt marry whites. The exiles causing the most alarm were the African slaves who came with their refugee owners. He further thought that taking Saint-Domingue, the richest of the French colonies, would be a useful bargaining chip in eventual peace negotiations with France, and in the interim, occupying Saint-Domingue would mean diverting its great wealth into the British treasury. [16] The slaves developed their own religion, a syncretic mixture of Catholicism and West African religions known as Vodou, usually called "voodoo" in English. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. john | [164] Just as the French were successful in transforming their society, so were the Haitians. [55] A new governor sent by Paris, Lger-Flicit Sonthonax, abolished slavery in the Northern Province and had hostile relations with the planters, whom he saw as royalists. Two days later an independently sailing French frigate was chased down and captured in the same waters. Now: The Russian Revolution Next: ??? Partly a consequence of the French Revolution and partly a backlash against the brutality of slave owners, it turned into a complex struggle involving not just the residents of the island but French, English and Spanish forces. On 1 January 1804, Dessalines, the new leader under the dictatorial 1805 constitution, declared Haiti a free republic in the name of the Haitian people,[121] which was followed by the massacre of the remaining whites. Slavery sustained sugar production under harsh conditions; diseases such as malaria (brought from Africa) and yellow fever caused high mortality, thriving in the tropical Caribbean climate. [78] The fleet for the "great push" left Portsmouth on 16 November 1795 and was wrecked by a storm, before sending out again on 9 December. Download programmes from the huge In Our Time archive. [37] Robin Pierson's podcast The History of Byzantium was explicitly modelled after The History of Rome in style, length and quality and was intended by Pierson to act as a sort of sequel to it. [89] Maitland disbanded his "Black Shot" troops, and left them in St Domingue, fearing they might return to Jamaica and start a revolution to overthrow slavery in the British colony. France continued the slavery system in French Guiana, Martinique, and Guadeloupe. In 1820, the island nation was finally reunified when Christophe, ill and surrounded by new rebellions, killed himself. [133], The course of the massacre showed an almost identical pattern in every city he visited. 03 April 2017 at 04:48 AM. Over seven years and more than 300 episodes of Duncan's gripping and well-researched Revolutions podcast, he has seen off many crowned heads and erstwhile revolutionary leaders. Girodet's portrayal of the former National Convention deputy is telling of the French opinion of colonial citizens by emphasizing the subject's sexuality and including an earring. Louverture worked with a French general, tienne Laveaux, to ensure that all slaves would be freed. [60] Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville, who was Pitt's Secretary of State for War, instructed Sir Adam Williamson, the lieutenant-governor of the Colony of Jamaica, to sign an agreement with representatives of the French colonists that promised to restore the Ancien Rgime, slavery and discrimination against mixed-race colonists, a move that drew criticism from abolitionists William Wilberforce and Thomas Clarkson. The Haitian Revolution brought about two unintended consequences: the creation of a continental America and the virtual end of Napoleonic rule in the Americas.[157]. Saison 2: Hati Vous pouvez me contacter sur podcast.decolonisations@gmail.com. [114], Dessalines matched Rochambeau in his vicious cruelty. Arthur S. | [126] Furthermore, he proclaimed the mastery of the state over the individual and consequently ordered that all laborers would be bound to a plantation. Napoleon reversed the French abolition of slavery in law, constitution, and practice, which had occurred between 1793 and 1801, and reinstated slavery in the French colonies in 18011803which lasted until 1848. This group was generally subdivided into the plantation owners and a lower class of whites who often served as overseers or day laborers, as well as artisans and shopkeepers. Finally, in 1801, Napoleon Bonaparte decided that the rebellion in Haitinow having dragged on for a decadeneeded to be put down once and for all. Oct. 26 Boston @ The Wilbur Oct. 27 Washington DC @ Lisner Auditorium Oct. 29 Newark NJ @ New Jersey Performing Arts Center, Deep dives into the most fascinating times in history including all the most meaningful perspectives. Some of them focused in depth on a particular topic or person, while others were verbatim reproductions of historical texts such as the United States Declaration of Independence or the French Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen. [16] The death rate was so high that polyandryone woman being married to several men at the same timedeveloped as a common form of marriage among the slaves. ET. These scholars show that if the agency of the enslaved blacks becomes the focus of studies, the Revolution's opening and closing dates are certain. Some[who?] [31] This was almost half the total slave population in the Caribbean, estimated at one million that year. One of the more notable examples of this included Haiti's involvement with Gran Colombia, where Dessalines and Petion both offered aid, ammunitions, and asylum to Francisco de Miranda and Simn Bolvar, who even went as far as to credit Haiti for the liberation of his country. A conspiracy led by the mulatto elites ultimately led to Dessalines assassination and two separate sovereign states of Haiti. [114] Bonaparte, hearing that most of his army in Saint-Domingue had died of yellow fever and the French held only Port-au-Prince, Le Cap, and Les Cayes, sent about 20,000 reinforcements to Rochambeau. Download the best of Radio 3's Free Thinking programme. Raynal's admonition was written thirteen years before the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, which highlighted freedom and liberty but did not abolish slavery. If youre new to In Our Time, this is a good place to start. Upon arrival and the first fights, the Polish platoon soon discovered that what was actually taking place in the colony was a rebellion of slaves fighting off their French masters for their freedom. The slaves sought revenge on their masters through "pillage, rape, torture, mutilation, and death". Nevertheless, he succeeded in rebuilding much of the country and in raising production levels, thus slowly rebuilding the economy.[126]. The series covered the English Civil War, the American Revolution, the French Revolution, the Haitian Revolution, Simon Bolivar and Gran Colombia, the July Revolution, the Revolutions of 1848, the Paris Commune, the Mexican Revolution, and finally the Russian Revolution, ending its run of narrative episodes in July 2022. [148], Other historians say the Haitian Revolution influenced slave rebellions in the U.S. as well as in British colonies. Peguero, Valentina. In 1801, Louverture issued a constitution for Saint-Domingue that decreed he would be governor-for-life and called for black autonomy and a sovereign black state. ", Web pages for FRD Country Studies are subject to changes of URL. By 1804 the former slaves had won, establishing the first independent state in Latin America and the first nation to be created as a result of a successful slave rebellion. "The Haitian revolution and the limit of freedom: defining citizenship in the revolutionary era". Posted by: "Haiti, Slavery, and the Age of the Democratic Revolution". [102] When Christophe refused, the French assaulted Le Cap and the Haitians set the city afire rather than surrender it. [86] The British forces were reduced to only holding the western peninsular towns of Mole St Nicholas in the north and Jeremie in the south. . [32] Enslaved blacks, regarded as the lowest class of colonial society, outnumbered whites and free people of color by a margin of almost eight to one.[33]. But this freedom came at a price. [104] The French had been expecting the Haitians to happily go back to being their slaves, as they believed it was natural for blacks to be the slaves of whites, and were stunned to learn how much the Haitians hated them for wanting to reduce them back to a life in chains. [139] By an order of 17 April 1825, the King of France renounced his rights of sovereignty over Santo Domingo, and recognized the independence of Haiti. In July 1825, the French King, Charles X, sent an armed flotilla of warships to Haiti with the message that the young nation would have to pay France 150 million francs to secure its. [107], In 1802, Napoleon added a Polish legion of around 5,200 to the forces sent to Saint-Domingue to fight off the slave rebellion. They wanted to get out of the exclusive trade agreement that they had with France and sell their sugar to the highest bidder. [63] Of Grey's 7,000 men, about 5,000 died of yellow fever while the Royal Navy reported losing "forty-six masters and eleven hundred men dead, chiefly of yellow fever". [99], Toussaint Louverture, although a self-educated former domestic slave, was one of the most successful black commanders. Browse the 18th Century era within the In Our Time archive. The gens de couleur looked like the grand blancs, they dressed like them, and for the most part they lived like them, but there were still restrictions on the work they could do, and even on the way that they could dress.The gens de couleur had a pretty good life, but they still wanted the rights and privileges of their planter parents. [13] The commodity crops were traded for European goods. In addition to Raynal's influence, Toussaint Louverture, a free black who was familiar with Enlightenment ideas within the context of European colonialism, would become a key "enlightened actor" in the Haitian Revolution. Baur, John. And Domingo became Domingue. Blackburn, "Haiti's Slavery in the Age of the Democratic Revolution". After the establishment of the French First Republic, the National Assembly made radical changes to French laws and, on 26 August 1789, published the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, declaring all men free and equal. "Black Talleyrand: Toussaint Louverture's Secret Diplomacy with England and the United States," William and Mary Quarterly 66:1 (Jan. 2009), 87124. The Africans mostly allied with the royalists and the British, as they understood that if Saint-Domingue's independence were to be led by white slave masters, it would probably mean even harsher treatment and increased injustice for the African population. Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Haitian Revolution. 03 April 2017 at 06:45 AM. [153] There is also some historical evidence suggesting that displaying solidarity with the French Revolution was the easiest way for the refugees to earn the support and sympathy of the Americans, who had just recently lived through their own revolution. And all of these groups were against the slaves. [2] Despite studying political science in college, Duncan spent much of his free time studying ancient Greek and Latin texts. Sonthonax had proclaimed an end to slavery on 29 August 1792. The colony of Saint-Domingue also had extensive coffee, cocoa, and indigo plantations, but these were smaller and less profitable than the sugar plantations. Another ship of the line was trapped against the coast and captured after coming under fire from Haitian shore batteries. Accessed 25 March 2015. Enslaved blacks watched from the sidelines.[18]. [83] As the human and financial costs of the expedition mounted, people in Britain demanded a withdrawal from Saint-Domingue, which was devouring money and soldiers, while failing to produce the expected profits.
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