Skin is peeling but the same marks are on new skin. It starts right after your procedure. The scabs can leave scarring if not cared for properly. After scabbing subsides, skin and texture should improve. Radiofrequency Microneedling (RF Microneedling) is a new-age technology that helps in improving the skin texture. Is this common?I looked at tons of photos and can't find any photos of after pictures like my face. Keep your skin clean by gently washing it with a gentle cleanser; preferably, clean your skin using a mixture of one to two . When to see a doctor Microneedling is generally considered to be a low. You should also follow up with the provider who performed the microneedling so he/she is aware. I have gone back to using Clindamycin gel in the daytime and Tretinoin cream 0.1 at night 2 weeks after scabs fell off. You may note pin point (petechial) bleeding with some flaking post-procedure. Where side effects may vary, microneedling is generally well tolerated by patients, is cost effective, and can be performed on all skin types. Will it heal up nicely ?? As silly as it may sound, I've also been massaging daily and combining apple . A new layer of skin is produced and the old skin may begin to peel. 2. [hidden name="guid" value="0c57b5da-9702-4b06-9e99-263df62e8541"]. Thank you for your question! It allows for the production of healthy melanocytes, which can actually decrease hyperpigmentation (darkening of an area of the skin) caused by abnormal melanocytes. It is important to avoid picking at the scabs in order to prevent skin damage and scarring. Dont forget sunprotection. When microneedling, you create microchannels in the skin. The average which we recommend at the clinic is 6-8 sessions, 4-6 weeks apart and then maintenance 2-3 times in an year. In my experience, most patients will experience some rough, dry, irritated, sensitive areas. 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For more information about microneedling aftercare, schedule a complimentary cosmetic consultation at 720-457-4471. Microneedling causes many micro-injuries in the skin, causing the body to create a new unblemished layer of skin. Patients will start to notice pronounced micro-sized scabs within 24 - 72 hours after treatment, which will naturally shed with time. Is it safe to receive a chemical peel after microneedling? Furthermore, by using SureSpace and SafLok microneedling pen technologies, practitioners can deliver to their patients the safest possible treatment, while ensuring the best results. Hope this helps, good luck to you. Should they appear, let your scabs heal on their own and avoid peeling them. It's also called: skin needling collagen. I would recommend microneedling with PRP for you. The peeling that occurs after microneedling is the shedding of old, damaged skin. The extent of the scabbing generally depends on the depth of the microneedling treatment. Too much microneedling and not allowing enough time to heal with get you nowhere and can lead to scar tissue over time. Reduction Of Scars Microneedling has been used successfully to treat acne scars significantly. Results should be expected as the skin heals over the following 3 - 4 weeks. As mentioned by others, that is a sign of an over aggressive treatment. It depends on. At-home dermaroller kits can cost . This would be my third session of microneedling that Ive got done . }, false ); document.getElementById( "ak_js" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Medical Clinics and Spas can offer their patients the worlds most advanced microneedling treatments with Dermapen, Copyright 2023 Dermapen, All Rights Reserved | FD Holdings LLC, Dermapen Certified Microneedling Training. Im on day 3. Will a series of Glycolic Acid 70% peels help? Scabbing After their initial treatment, a RealSelf user shared, "my skin was completely scabbed and burned for almost two weeks." Scabbing is extremely rare, according to Dr. Khorasani. [hidden name="name" value="Find a Dermapen Provider"] Sarah Vennix, RN at Center for Aesthetics and Plastic Surgery - Grand Rapids. As with any treatment, it is entirely operator dependent. Peter Port|St. Sampson|St. When getting procedures done make sure your going to a qualified, experienced provider. The average which we recommend at the clinic is 6-8 sessions, 4-6 weeks apart and then maintenance 2-3 times in an year. This gives the skin time to heal. I was treated with a new type of pen (36 needles instead of 12), would this have caused the scabbing? "We combine . "Its occurrence is often an indication of excessive heat application to the skin," he says. Hello and thank you for your question. is vitamin c serum suitable ? Im scheduled for another session in a month and Im unsure about processing with that due to my down time with this session. It all depends upon the depth and type of scars, the skin condition and age of the patient. Are There Bad Side Effects to Microneedling? The procedure causes short-term swelling, redness, and skin flaking. Andrew|St. Microneedling with Dermapen may be combined with other acne scar treatments like subcision, chemical peels, microdermabrasion, and fractional resurfacing, thus optimizing the benefits to patients. Optimal results are usually seen after 3 - 4 treatments, each scheduled several weeks apart. Dermapen is the most trusted partner for medical practitioners and licensed skin care professionals providing microneedling treatments. Pre and post treatment with a product such as Alastin Nectar can help with thehealing (bruising,swelling)and outcome. Answer: Microneedling Redness and swelling is expected for roughly three days after microneedling. When not preformed properly, improper microneedling techniques can scratch the skin What is suitable serum to use with microneedling pen for treating face scars? Best of luck to you, Dr. Nima! [ 2] PRP contains growth factors which will help to rebuild the collagen in the skin and can help with scarring. Martin|St. Microneedling causestrauma to the skin. The microneedling causes the release of growth factors that promote scarless healing and deposit normal woven collagen rather than scar collagen. Please Select*Professional interested in the DermapenProfessional interested in Inderma productsDermapen customer looking to reorderPatient interested in Inderma products. 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There are currently 7 Microneedling + Scab questions and doctor answers on RealSelf. You should also expect small pinpoint scabs to become pronounced about 24 - 72 hours after radiofrequency microneedling, which will disappear when the injury has healed. In This Article What Is Radiofrequency (RF) Microneedling? Directly after a microneedling treatment (and even in the coming days post-procedure), your skin may feel a little different than normal and a bit rough when you touch it. I have this scar on my nose and its been there for a while. What can I use to make it heal faster ? It all depends upon the depth and type of scars, the skin condition and age of the patient. Benefits Of Radiofrequency Microneedling Treatment Pierre du Bois|St. This is due to the natural and mechanical injury of the treatment. It was a hard covering over the scar and i took my finger nail and scrapped it now the hard covering it not there but the scar still is and its a small circle. It is not typical to experience scabbing from this treatment. Some erythema (redness of the skin due to inflammation) may appear after treatment, typically lasting 2 to 3 days. It shoots a laser column into skin that feels like warm sparksnot painful at all compared to microneedling. Patients will most likely experience their skin peeling after the microneedling treatment. The information on RealSelf is intended for educational purposes only. 3 days post microneedling and my face looks horrible , looks like track marks on forehead after skin has peeled, under eyes look gaulded, sides of nose scabbed , and black pin point dots. The peeling is about as minor as a mild sunburn peel and only lasts a couple of days. If youre experiencing a medical issue, please contact a healthcare professional or dial 911 immediately. The resulting puncture holes close within 60 to 90 minutes, making infections unlikely. While we do connect people with vetted, board-certified doctors, we dont provide medical consultations, diagnosis, or advice. Scalp scabbing / peeling post microneedling. The peeling that occurs after microneedling is the shedding of old, damaged skin. Over many years of development, Dermapen has perfected the science of microneedling with advanced, patented technology including the MDerma by Dermapen. I wanted her to concentrate on my dark spots. There may be some. Hi @haniyousif! In the meantime, I would soak the area with a dilute vinegar and water soak (2-3 tsp offresh white vinegar in 2 pints water) for 10 minutes 4 times a day and thenapply Aquaphor ointmentor Vaseline petroleum jelly to the area. If you need multiple treatments, you can expect to pay around this amount each time. I don't wear foundation, so hard to cover up. 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Rajons|Limbazu Rajons|Ludzas Rajons|Madonas Rajons|Ogres Rajons|Preilu Rajons|Rezekne|Rezeknes Rajons|Riga|Rigas Rajons|Saldus Rajons|Talsu Rajons|Tukuma Rajons|Valkas Rajons|Valmieras Rajons|Ventspils|Ventspils Rajons",s_a[130]="Beyrouth|Ech Chimal|Ej Jnoub|El Bekaa|Jabal Loubnane",s_a[131]="Berea|Butha-Buthe|Leribe|Mafeteng|Maseru|Mohales Hoek|Mokhotlong|Qacha's Nek|Quthing|Thaba-Tseka",s_a[132]="Bomi|Bong|Grand Bassa|Grand Cape Mount|Grand Gedeh|Grand Kru|Lofa|Margibi|Maryland|Montserrado|Nimba|River Cess|Sinoe",s_a[133]="Ajdabiya|Al 'Aziziyah|Al Fatih|Al Jabal al Akhdar|Al Jufrah|Al Khums|Al Kufrah|An Nuqat al Khams|Ash Shati'|Awbari|Az Zawiyah|Banghazi|Darnah|Ghadamis|Gharyan|Misratah|Murzuq|Sabha|Sawfajjin|Surt|Tarabulus|Tarhunah|Tubruq|Yafran|Zlitan",s_a[134]="Balzers|Eschen|Gamprin|Mauren|Planken|Ruggell|Schaan|Schellenberg|Triesen|Triesenberg|Vaduz",s_a[135]="Akmenes Rajonas|Alytaus Rajonas|Alytus|Anyksciu Rajonas|Birstonas|Birzu Rajonas|Druskininkai|Ignalinos Rajonas|Jonavos Rajonas|Joniskio Rajonas|Jurbarko Rajonas|Kaisiadoriu Rajonas|Kaunas|Kauno Rajonas|Kedainiu Rajonas|Kelmes Rajonas|Klaipeda|Klaipedos Rajonas|Kretingos Rajonas|Kupiskio Rajonas|Lazdiju Rajonas|Marijampole|Marijampoles Rajonas|Mazeikiu Rajonas|Moletu Rajonas|Neringa Pakruojo Rajonas|Palanga|Panevezio Rajonas|Panevezys|Pasvalio Rajonas|Plunges Rajonas|Prienu Rajonas|Radviliskio Rajonas|Raseiniu Rajonas|Rokiskio Rajonas|Sakiu Rajonas|Salcininku Rajonas|Siauliai|Siauliu Rajonas|Silales Rajonas|Silutes Rajonas|Sirvintu Rajonas|Skuodo Rajonas|Svencioniu Rajonas|Taurages Rajonas|Telsiu Rajonas|Traku Rajonas|Ukmerges Rajonas|Utenos Rajonas|Varenos Rajonas|Vilkaviskio Rajonas|Vilniaus Rajonas|Vilnius|Zarasu Rajonas",s_a[136]="Diekirch|Grevenmacher|Luxembourg",s_a[137]="Macau",s_a[138]="Aracinovo|Bac|Belcista|Berovo|Bistrica|Bitola|Blatec|Bogdanci|Bogomila|Bogovinje|Bosilovo|Brvenica|Cair (Skopje)|Capari|Caska|Cegrane|Centar (Skopje)|Centar Zupa|Cesinovo|Cucer-Sandevo|Debar|Delcevo|Delogozdi|Demir Hisar|Demir Kapija|Dobrusevo|Dolna Banjica|Dolneni|Dorce Petrov (Skopje)|Drugovo|Dzepciste|Gazi Baba (Skopje)|Gevgelija|Gostivar|Gradsko|Ilinden|Izvor|Jegunovce|Kamenjane|Karbinci|Karpos (Skopje)|Kavadarci|Kicevo|Kisela Voda (Skopje)|Klecevce|Kocani|Konce|Kondovo|Konopiste|Kosel|Kratovo|Kriva Palanka|Krivogastani|Krusevo|Kuklis|Kukurecani|Kumanovo|Labunista|Lipkovo|Lozovo|Lukovo|Makedonska Kamenica|Makedonski Brod|Mavrovi Anovi|Meseista|Miravci|Mogila|Murtino|Negotino|Negotino-Poloska|Novaci|Novo Selo|Oblesevo|Ohrid|Orasac|Orizari|Oslomej|Pehcevo|Petrovec|Plasnia|Podares|Prilep|Probistip|Radovis|Rankovce|Resen|Rosoman|Rostusa|Samokov|Saraj|Sipkovica|Sopiste|Sopotnika|Srbinovo|Star Dojran|Staravina|Staro Nagoricane|Stip|Struga|Strumica|Studenicani|Suto Orizari (Skopje)|Sveti Nikole|Tearce|Tetovo|Topolcani|Valandovo|Vasilevo|Veles|Velesta|Vevcani|Vinica|Vitoliste|Vranestica|Vrapciste|Vratnica|Vrutok|Zajas|Zelenikovo|Zileno|Zitose|Zletovo|Zrnovci",s_a[139]="Antananarivo|Antsiranana|Fianarantsoa|Mahajanga|Toamasina|Toliara",s_a[140]="Balaka|Blantyre|Chikwawa|Chiradzulu|Chitipa|Dedza|Dowa|Karonga|Kasungu|Likoma|Lilongwe|Machinga (Kasupe)|Mangochi|Mchinji|Mulanje|Mwanza|Mzimba|Nkhata Bay|Nkhotakota|Nsanje|Ntcheu|Ntchisi|Phalombe|Rumphi|Salima|Thyolo|Zomba",s_a[141]="Johor|Kedah|Kelantan|Labuan|Melaka|Negeri Sembilan|Pahang|Perak|Perlis|Pulau Pinang|Sabah|Sarawak|Selangor|Terengganu|Wilayah Persekutuan",s_a[142]="Alifu|Baa|Dhaalu|Faafu|Gaafu Alifu|Gaafu Dhaalu|Gnaviyani|Haa Alifu|Haa Dhaalu|Kaafu|Laamu|Lhaviyani|Maale|Meemu|Noonu|Raa|Seenu|Shaviyani|Thaa|Vaavu",s_a[143]="Gao|Kayes|Kidal|Koulikoro|Mopti|Segou|Sikasso|Tombouctou",s_a[144]="Valletta",s_a[145]="Man, Isle of",s_a[146]="Ailinginae|Ailinglaplap|Ailuk|Arno|Aur|Bikar|Bikini|Bokak|Ebon|Enewetak|Erikub|Jabat|Jaluit|Jemo|Kili|Kwajalein|Lae|Lib|Likiep|Majuro|Maloelap|Mejit|Mili|Namorik|Namu|Rongelap|Rongrik|Toke|Ujae|Ujelang|Utirik|Wotho|Wotje",s_a[147]="Martinique",s_a[148]="Adrar|Assaba|Brakna|Dakhlet Nouadhibou|Gorgol|Guidimaka|Hodh Ech Chargui|Hodh El Gharbi|Inchiri|Nouakchott|Tagant|Tiris Zemmour|Trarza",s_a[149]="Agalega Islands|Black River|Cargados Carajos Shoals|Flacq|Grand Port|Moka|Pamplemousses|Plaines Wilhems|Port Louis|Riviere du Rempart|Rodrigues|Savanne",s_a[150]="Mayotte",s_a[151]="Aguascalientes|Baja California|Baja California Sur|Campeche|Chiapas|Chihuahua|Coahuila de Zaragoza|Colima|Distrito Federal|Durango|Guanajuato|Guerrero|Hidalgo|Jalisco|Mexico|Michoacan de Ocampo|Morelos|Nayarit|Nuevo Leon|Oaxaca|Puebla|Queretaro de Arteaga|Quintana Roo|San Luis Potosi|Sinaloa|Sonora|Tabasco|Tamaulipas|Tlaxcala|Veracruz-Llave|Yucatan|Zacatecas",s_a[152]="Chuuk (Truk)|Kosrae|Pohnpei|Yap",s_a[153]="Midway Islands",s_a[154]="Balti|Cahul|Chisinau|Chisinau|Dubasari|Edinet|Gagauzia|Lapusna|Orhei|Soroca|Tighina|Ungheni",s_a[155]="Fontvieille|La Condamine|Monaco-Ville|Monte-Carlo",s_a[156]="Arhangay|Bayan-Olgiy|Bayanhongor|Bulgan|Darhan|Dornod|Dornogovi|Dundgovi|Dzavhan|Erdenet|Govi-Altay|Hentiy|Hovd|Hovsgol|Omnogovi|Ovorhangay|Selenge|Suhbaatar|Tov|Ulaanbaatar|Uvs",s_a[157]="Saint Anthony|Saint Georges|Saint Peter's",s_a[158]="Agadir|Al Hoceima|Azilal|Ben Slimane|Beni Mellal|Boulemane|Casablanca|Chaouen|El Jadida|El Kelaa des Srarhna|Er Rachidia|Essaouira|Fes|Figuig|Guelmim|Ifrane|Kenitra|Khemisset|Khenifra|Khouribga|Laayoune|Larache|Marrakech|Meknes|Nador|Ouarzazate|Oujda|Rabat-Sale|Safi|Settat|Sidi Kacem|Tan-Tan|Tanger|Taounate|Taroudannt|Tata|Taza|Tetouan|Tiznit",s_a[159]="Cabo Delgado|Gaza|Inhambane|Manica|Maputo|Nampula|Niassa|Sofala|Tete|Zambezia",s_a[160]="Caprivi|Erongo|Hardap|Karas|Khomas|Kunene|Ohangwena|Okavango|Omaheke|Omusati|Oshana|Oshikoto|Otjozondjupa",s_a[161]="Aiwo|Anabar|Anetan|Anibare|Baiti|Boe|Buada|Denigomodu|Ewa|Ijuw|Meneng|Nibok|Uaboe|Yaren",s_a[162]="Bagmati|Bheri|Dhawalagiri|Gandaki|Janakpur|Karnali|Kosi|Lumbini|Mahakali|Mechi|Narayani|Rapti|Sagarmatha|Seti",s_a[163]="Drenthe|Flevoland|Friesland|Gelderland|Groningen|Limburg|Noord-Brabant|Noord-Holland|Overijssel|Utrecht|Zeeland|Zuid-Holland",s_a[164]="Netherlands Antilles",s_a[165]="Iles Loyaute|Nord|Sud",s_a[166]="Akaroa|Amuri|Ashburton|Bay of Islands|Bruce|Buller|Chatham Islands|Cheviot|Clifton|Clutha|Cook|Dannevirke|Egmont|Eketahuna|Ellesmere|Eltham|Eyre|Featherston|Franklin|Golden Bay|Great Barrier Island|Grey|Hauraki Plains|Hawera|Hawke's Bay|Heathcote|Hikurangi|Hobson|Hokianga|Horowhenua|Hurunui|Hutt|Inangahua|Inglewood|Kaikoura|Kairanga|Kiwitea|Lake|Mackenzie|Malvern|Manaia|Manawatu|Mangonui|Maniototo|Marlborough|Masterton|Matamata|Mount Herbert|Ohinemuri|Opotiki|Oroua|Otamatea|Otorohanga|Oxford|Pahiatua|Paparua|Patea|Piako|Pohangina|Raglan|Rangiora|Rangitikei|Rodney|Rotorua|Runanga|Saint Kilda|Silverpeaks|Southland|Stewart Island|Stratford|Strathallan|Taranaki|Taumarunui|Taupo|Tauranga|Thames-Coromandel|Tuapeka|Vincent|Waiapu|Waiheke|Waihemo|Waikato|Waikohu|Waimairi|Waimarino|Waimate|Waimate West|Waimea|Waipa|Waipawa|Waipukurau|Wairarapa South|Wairewa|Wairoa|Waitaki|Waitomo|Waitotara|Wallace|Wanganui|Waverley|Westland|Whakatane|Whangarei|Whangaroa|Woodville",s_a[167]="Atlantico Norte|Atlantico Sur|Boaco|Carazo|Chinandega|Chontales|Esteli|Granada|Jinotega|Leon|Madriz|Managua|Masaya|Matagalpa|Nueva Segovia|Rio San Juan|Rivas",s_a[168]="Agadez|Diffa|Dosso|Maradi|Niamey|Tahoua|Tillaberi|Zinder",s_a[169]="Abia|Abuja Federal Capital Territory|Adamawa|Akwa Ibom|Anambra|Bauchi|Bayelsa|Benue|Borno|Cross River|Delta|Ebonyi|Edo|Ekiti|Enugu|Gombe|Imo|Jigawa|Kaduna|Kano|Katsina|Kebbi|Kogi|Kwara|Lagos|Nassarawa|Niger|Ogun|Ondo|Osun|Oyo|Plateau|Rivers|Sokoto|Taraba|Yobe|Zamfara",s_a[170]="Niue",s_a[171]="Norfolk Island",s_a[172]="Northern Islands|Rota|Saipan|Tinian",s_a[173]="Akershus|Aust-Agder|Buskerud|Finnmark|Hedmark|Hordaland|More og Romsdal|Nord-Trondelag|Nordland|Oppland|Oslo|Ostfold|Rogaland|Sogn og Fjordane|Sor-Trondelag|Telemark|Troms|Vest-Agder|Vestfold",s_a[174]="Ad Dakhiliyah|Al Batinah|Al Wusta|Ash Sharqiyah|Az Zahirah|Masqat|Musandam|Zufar",s_a[175]="Balochistan|Federally Administered Tribal Areas|Islamabad Capital Territory|North-West Frontier Province|Punjab|Sindh",s_a[176]="Aimeliik|Airai|Angaur|Hatobohei|Kayangel|Koror|Melekeok|Ngaraard|Ngarchelong|Ngardmau|Ngatpang|Ngchesar|Ngeremlengui|Ngiwal|Palau Island|Peleliu|Sonsoral|Tobi",s_a[177]="Bocas del Toro|Chiriqui|Cocle|Colon|Darien|Herrera|Los Santos|Panama|San Blas|Veraguas",s_a[178]="Bougainville|Central|Chimbu|East New Britain|East Sepik|Eastern Highlands|Enga|Gulf|Madang|Manus|Milne Bay|Morobe|National Capital|New Ireland|Northern|Sandaun|Southern Highlands|West New Britain|Western|Western Highlands",s_a[179]="Alto Paraguay|Alto Parana|Amambay|Asuncion (city)|Boqueron|Caaguazu|Caazapa|Canindeyu|Central|Concepcion|Cordillera|Guaira|Itapua|Misiones|Neembucu|Paraguari|Presidente Hayes|San Pedro",s_a[180]="Amazonas|Ancash|Apurimac|Arequipa|Ayacucho|Cajamarca|Callao|Cusco|Huancavelica|Huanuco|Ica|Junin|La Libertad|Lambayeque|Lima|Loreto|Madre de Dios|Moquegua|Pasco|Piura|Puno|San Martin|Tacna|Tumbes|Ucayali",s_a[181]="Abra|Agusan del Norte|Agusan del Sur|Aklan|Albay|Angeles|Antique|Aurora|Bacolod|Bago|Baguio|Bais|Basilan|Basilan City|Bataan|Batanes|Batangas|Batangas City|Benguet|Bohol|Bukidnon|Bulacan|Butuan|Cabanatuan|Cadiz|Cagayan|Cagayan de Oro|Calbayog|Caloocan|Camarines Norte|Camarines Sur|Camiguin|Canlaon|Capiz|Catanduanes|Cavite|Cavite City|Cebu|Cebu City|Cotabato|Dagupan|Danao|Dapitan|Davao City Davao|Davao del Sur|Davao Oriental|Dipolog|Dumaguete|Eastern Samar|General Santos|Gingoog|Ifugao|Iligan|Ilocos Norte|Ilocos Sur|Iloilo|Iloilo City|Iriga|Isabela|Kalinga-Apayao|La Carlota|La Union|Laguna|Lanao del Norte|Lanao del Sur|Laoag|Lapu-Lapu|Legaspi|Leyte|Lipa|Lucena|Maguindanao|Mandaue|Manila|Marawi|Marinduque|Masbate|Mindoro Occidental|Mindoro Oriental|Misamis Occidental|Misamis Oriental|Mountain|Naga|Negros Occidental|Negros Oriental|North Cotabato|Northern Samar|Nueva Ecija|Nueva Vizcaya|Olongapo|Ormoc|Oroquieta|Ozamis|Pagadian|Palawan|Palayan|Pampanga|Pangasinan|Pasay|Puerto Princesa|Quezon|Quezon City|Quirino|Rizal|Romblon|Roxas|Samar|San Carlos (in Negros Occidental)|San Carlos (in Pangasinan)|San Jose|San Pablo|Silay|Siquijor|Sorsogon|South Cotabato|Southern Leyte|Sultan Kudarat|Sulu|Surigao|Surigao del Norte|Surigao del Sur|Tacloban|Tagaytay|Tagbilaran|Tangub|Tarlac|Tawitawi|Toledo|Trece Martires|Zambales|Zamboanga|Zamboanga del Norte|Zamboanga del Sur",s_a[182]="Pitcaim Islands",s_a[183]="Dolnoslaskie|Kujawsko-Pomorskie|Lodzkie|Lubelskie|Lubuskie|Malopolskie|Mazowieckie|Opolskie|Podkarpackie|Podlaskie|Pomorskie|Slaskie|Swietokrzyskie|Warminsko-Mazurskie|Wielkopolskie|Zachodniopomorskie",s_a[184]="Acores (Azores)|Aveiro|Beja|Braga|Braganca|Castelo Branco|Coimbra|Evora|Faro|Guarda|Leiria|Lisboa|Madeira|Portalegre|Porto|Santarem|Setubal|Viana do Castelo|Vila Real|Viseu",s_a[185]="Adjuntas|Aguada|Aguadilla|Aguas Buenas|Aibonito|Anasco|Arecibo|Arroyo|Barceloneta|Barranquitas|Bayamon|Cabo Rojo|Caguas|Camuy|Canovanas|Carolina|Catano|Cayey|Ceiba|Ciales|Cidra|Coamo|Comerio|Corozal|Culebra|Dorado|Fajardo|Florida|Guanica|Guayama|Guayanilla|Guaynabo|Gurabo|Hatillo|Hormigueros|Humacao|Isabela|Jayuya|Juana Diaz|Juncos|Lajas|Lares|Las Marias|Las Piedras|Loiza|Luquillo|Manati|Maricao|Maunabo|Mayaguez|Moca|Morovis|Naguabo|Naranjito|Orocovis|Patillas|Penuelas|Ponce|Quebradillas|Rincon|Rio Grande|Sabana Grande|Salinas|San German|San Juan|San Lorenzo|San Sebastian|Santa Isabel|Toa Alta|Toa Baja|Trujillo Alto|Utuado|Vega Alta|Vega Baja|Vieques|Villalba|Yabucoa|Yauco",s_a[186]="Ad Dawhah|Al Ghuwayriyah|Al Jumayliyah|Al Khawr|Al Wakrah|Ar Rayyan|Jarayan al Batinah|Madinat ash Shamal|Umm Salal",s_a[187]="Reunion",s_a[188]="Alba|Arad|Arges|Bacau|Bihor|Bistrita-Nasaud|Botosani|Braila|Brasov|Bucuresti|Buzau|Calarasi|Caras-Severin|Cluj|Constanta|Covasna|Dimbovita|Dolj|Galati|Giurgiu|Gorj|Harghita|Hunedoara|Ialomita|Iasi|Maramures|Mehedinti|Mures|Neamt|Olt|Prahova|Salaj|Satu Mare|Sibiu|Suceava|Teleorman|Timis|Tulcea|Vaslui|Vilcea|Vrancea",s_a[189]="Adygeya (Maykop)|Aginskiy Buryatskiy (Aginskoye)|Altay (Gorno-Altaysk)|Altayskiy (Barnaul)|Amurskaya (Blagoveshchensk)|Arkhangel'skaya|Astrakhanskaya|Bashkortostan (Ufa)|Belgorodskaya|Bryanskaya|Buryatiya (Ulan-Ude)|Chechnya (Groznyy)|Chelyabinskaya|Chitinskaya|Chukotskiy (Anadyr')|Chuvashiya (Cheboksary)|Dagestan (Makhachkala)|Evenkiyskiy (Tura)|Ingushetiya (Nazran')|Irkutskaya|Ivanovskaya|Kabardino-Balkariya (Nal'chik)|Kaliningradskaya|Kalmykiya (Elista)|Kaluzhskaya|Kamchatskaya (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy)|Karachayevo-Cherkesiya (Cherkessk)|Kareliya (Petrozavodsk)|Kemerovskaya|Khabarovskiy|Khakasiya (Abakan)|Khanty-Mansiyskiy (Khanty-Mansiysk)|Kirovskaya|Komi (Syktyvkar)|Komi-Permyatskiy (Kudymkar)|Koryakskiy (Palana)|Kostromskaya|Krasnodarskiy|Krasnoyarskiy|Kurganskaya|Kurskaya|Leningradskaya|Lipetskaya|Magadanskaya|Mariy-El (Yoshkar-Ola)|Mordoviya (Saransk)|Moskovskaya|Moskva (Moscow)|Murmanskaya|Nenetskiy (Nar'yan-Mar)|Nizhegorodskaya|Novgorodskaya|Novosibirskaya|Omskaya|Orenburgskaya|Orlovskaya (Orel)|Penzenskaya|Permskaya|Primorskiy (Vladivostok)|Pskovskaya|Rostovskaya|Ryazanskaya|Sakha (Yakutsk)|Sakhalinskaya (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk)|Samarskaya|Sankt-Peterburg (Saint Petersburg)|Saratovskaya|Severnaya Osetiya-Alaniya [North Ossetia] (Vladikavkaz)|Smolenskaya|Stavropol'skiy|Sverdlovskaya (Yekaterinburg)|Tambovskaya|Tatarstan (Kazan')|Taymyrskiy (Dudinka)|Tomskaya|Tul'skaya|Tverskaya|Tyumenskaya|Tyva (Kyzyl)|Udmurtiya (Izhevsk)|Ul'yanovskaya|Ust'-Ordynskiy Buryatskiy (Ust'-Ordynskiy)|Vladimirskaya|Volgogradskaya|Vologodskaya|Voronezhskaya|Yamalo-Nenetskiy (Salekhard)|Yaroslavskaya|Yevreyskaya",s_a[190]="Butare|Byumba|Cyangugu|Gikongoro|Gisenyi|Gitarama|Kibungo|Kibuye|Kigali Rurale|Kigali-ville|Ruhengeri|Umutara",s_a[191]="Ascension|Saint Helena|Tristan da Cunha",s_a[192]="Christ Church Nichola Town|Saint Anne Sandy Point|Saint George Basseterre|Saint George Gingerland|Saint James Windward|Saint John Capisterre|Saint John Figtree|Saint Mary Cayon|Saint Paul Capisterre|Saint Paul Charlestown|Saint Peter Basseterre|Saint Thomas Lowland|Saint Thomas Middle Island|Trinity Palmetto Point",s_a[193]="Anse-la-Raye|Castries|Choiseul|Dauphin|Dennery|Gros Islet|Laborie|Micoud|Praslin|Soufriere|Vieux Fort",s_a[194]="Miquelon|Saint Pierre",s_a[195]="Charlotte|Grenadines|Saint Andrew|Saint David|Saint George|Saint Patrick",s_a[196]="A'ana|Aiga-i-le-Tai|Atua|Fa'asaleleaga|Gaga'emauga|Gagaifomauga|Palauli|Satupa'itea|Tuamasaga|Va'a-o-Fonoti|Vaisigano",s_a[197]="Acquaviva|Borgo Maggiore|Chiesanuova|Domagnano|Faetano|Fiorentino|Monte Giardino|San Marino|Serravalle",s_a[198]="Principe|Sao Tome",s_a[199]="'Asir|Al Bahah|Al Hudud ash Shamaliyah|Al Jawf|Al Madinah|Al Qasim|Ar Riyad|Ash Sharqiyah (Eastern Province)|Ha'il|Jizan|Makkah|Najran|Tabuk",s_a[200]="Aberdeen City|Aberdeenshire|Angus|Argyll and Bute|City of Edinburgh|Clackmannanshire|Dumfries and Galloway|Dundee City|East Ayrshire|East Dunbartonshire|East Lothian|East Renfrewshire|Eilean Siar (Western Isles)|Falkirk|Fife|Glasgow City|Highland|Inverclyde|Midlothian|Moray|North Ayrshire|North Lanarkshire|Orkney Islands|Perth and Kinross|Renfrewshire|Shetland Islands|South Ayrshire|South Lanarkshire|Stirling|The Scottish Borders|West Dunbartonshire|West Lothian",s_a[201]="Dakar|Diourbel|Fatick|Kaolack|Kolda|Louga|Saint-Louis|Tambacounda|Thies|Ziguinchor",s_a[202]="Anse aux Pins|Anse Boileau|Anse Etoile|Anse Louis|Anse Royale|Baie Lazare|Baie Sainte Anne|Beau Vallon|Bel Air|Bel Ombre|Cascade|Glacis|Grand' Anse (on Mahe)|Grand' Anse (on Praslin)|La Digue|La Riviere Anglaise|Mont Buxton|Mont Fleuri|Plaisance|Pointe La Rue|Port Glaud|Saint Louis|Takamaka",s_a[203]="Eastern|Northern|Southern|Western",s_a[204]="Singapore",s_a[205]="Banskobystricky|Bratislavsky|Kosicky|Nitriansky|Presovsky|Trenciansky|Trnavsky|Zilinsky",s_a[206]="Ajdovscina|Beltinci|Bled|Bohinj|Borovnica|Bovec|Brda|Brezice|Brezovica|Cankova-Tisina|Celje|Cerklje na Gorenjskem|Cerknica|Cerkno|Crensovci|Crna na Koroskem|Crnomelj|Destrnik-Trnovska Vas|Divaca|Dobrepolje|Dobrova-Horjul-Polhov Gradec|Dol pri Ljubljani|Domzale|Dornava|Dravograd|Duplek|Gorenja Vas-Poljane|Gorisnica|Gornja Radgona|Gornji Grad|Gornji Petrovci|Grosuplje|Hodos Salovci|Hrastnik|Hrpelje-Kozina|Idrija|Ig|Ilirska Bistrica|Ivancna Gorica|Izola|Jesenice|Jursinci|Kamnik|Kanal|Kidricevo|Kobarid|Kobilje|Kocevje|Komen|Koper|Kozje|Kranj|Kranjska Gora|Krsko|Kungota|Kuzma|Lasko|Lenart|Lendava|Litija|Ljubljana|Ljubno|Ljutomer|Logatec|Loska Dolina|Loski Potok|Luce|Lukovica|Majsperk|Maribor|Medvode|Menges|Metlika|Mezica|Miren-Kostanjevica|Mislinja|Moravce|Moravske Toplice|Mozirje|Murska Sobota|Muta|Naklo|Nazarje|Nova Gorica|Novo Mesto|Odranci|Ormoz|Osilnica|Pesnica|Piran|Pivka|Podcetrtek|Podvelka-Ribnica|Postojna|Preddvor|Ptuj|Puconci|Race-Fram|Radece|Radenci|Radlje ob Dravi|Radovljica|Ravne-Prevalje|Ribnica|Rogasevci|Rogaska Slatina|Rogatec|Ruse|Semic|Sencur|Sentilj|Sentjernej|Sentjur pri Celju|Sevnica|Sezana|Skocjan|Skofja Loka|Skofljica|Slovenj Gradec|Slovenska Bistrica|Slovenske Konjice|Smarje pri Jelsah|Smartno ob Paki|Sostanj|Starse|Store|Sveti Jurij|Tolmin|Trbovlje|Trebnje|Trzic|Turnisce|Velenje|Velike Lasce|Videm|Vipava|Vitanje|Vodice|Vojnik|Vrhnika|Vuzenica|Zagorje ob Savi|Zalec|Zavrc|Zelezniki|Ziri|Zrece",s_a[207]="Bellona|Central|Choiseul (Lauru)|Guadalcanal|Honiara|Isabel|Makira|Malaita|Rennell|Temotu|Western",s_a[208]="Awdal|Bakool|Banaadir|Bari|Bay|Galguduud|Gedo|Hiiraan|Jubbada Dhexe|Jubbada Hoose|Mudug|Nugaal|Sanaag|Shabeellaha Dhexe|Shabeellaha Hoose|Sool|Togdheer|Woqooyi Galbeed",s_a[209]="Eastern Cape|Free State|Gauteng|KwaZulu-Natal|Mpumalanga|North-West|Northern Cape|Northern Province|Western Cape",s_a[210]="Bird Island|Bristol Island|Clerke Rocks|Montagu Island|Saunders Island|South Georgia|Southern Thule|Traversay Islands",s_a[211]="Andalucia|Aragon|Asturias|Baleares (Balearic Islands)|Canarias (Canary Islands)|Cantabria|Castilla y Leon|Castilla-La Mancha|Cataluna|Ceuta|Communidad Valencian|Extremadura|Galicia|Islas Chafarinas|La Rioja|Madrid|Melilla|Murcia|Navarra|Pais Vasco (Basque Country)|Penon de Alhucemas|Penon de Velez de la Gomera",s_a[212]="Spratly Islands",s_a[213]="Central|Eastern|North Central|North Eastern|North Western|Northern|Sabaragamuwa|Southern|Uva|Western",s_a[214]="A'ali an Nil|Al Bahr al Ahmar|Al Buhayrat|Al Jazirah|Al Khartum|Al Qadarif|Al Wahdah|An Nil al Abyad|An Nil al Azraq|Ash Shamaliyah|Bahr al Jabal|Gharb al Istiwa'iyah|Gharb Bahr al Ghazal|Gharb Darfur|Gharb Kurdufan|Janub Darfur|Janub Kurdufan|Junqali|Kassala|Nahr an Nil|Shamal Bahr al Ghazal|Shamal Darfur|Shamal Kurdufan|Sharq al Istiwa'iyah|Sinnar|Warab",s_a[215]="Brokopondo|Commewijne|Coronie|Marowijne|Nickerie|Para|Paramaribo|Saramacca|Sipaliwini|Wanica",s_a[216]="Barentsoya|Bjornoya|Edgeoya|Hopen|Kvitoya|Nordaustandet|Prins Karls Forland|Spitsbergen",s_a[217]="Hhohho|Lubombo|Manzini|Shiselweni",s_a[218]="Blekinge|Dalarnas|Gavleborgs|Gotlands|Hallands|Jamtlands|Jonkopings|Kalmar|Kronobergs|Norrbottens|Orebro|Ostergotlands|Skane|Sodermanlands|Stockholms|Uppsala|Varmlands|Vasterbottens|Vasternorrlands|Vastmanlands|Vastra Gotalands",s_a[219]="Aargau|Ausser-Rhoden|Basel-Landschaft|Basel-Stadt|Bern|Fribourg|Geneve|Glarus|Graubunden|Inner-Rhoden|Jura|Luzern|Neuchatel|Nidwalden|Obwalden|Sankt Gallen|Schaffhausen|Schwyz|Solothurn|Thurgau|Ticino|Uri|Valais|Vaud|Zug|Zurich",s_a[220]="Al Hasakah|Al Ladhiqiyah|Al Qunaytirah|Ar Raqqah|As Suwayda'|Dar'a|Dayr az Zawr|Dimashq|Halab|Hamah|Hims|Idlib|Rif Dimashq|Tartus",s_a[221]="Chang-hua|Chi-lung|Chia-i|Chia-i|Chung-hsing-hsin-ts'un|Hsin-chu|Hsin-chu|Hua-lien|I-lan|Kao-hsiung|Kao-hsiung|Miao-li|Nan-t'ou|P'eng-hu|P'ing-tung|T'ai-chung|T'ai-chung|T'ai-nan|T'ai-nan|T'ai-pei|T'ai-pei|T'ai-tung|T'ao-yuan|Yun-lin",s_a[222]="Viloyati Khatlon|Viloyati Leninobod|Viloyati Mukhtori Kuhistoni Badakhshon",s_a[223]="Arusha|Dar es Salaam|Dodoma|Iringa|Kagera|Kigoma|Kilimanjaro|Lindi|Mara|Mbeya|Morogoro|Mtwara|Mwanza|Pemba North|Pemba South|Pwani|Rukwa|Ruvuma|Shinyanga|Singida|Tabora|Tanga|Zanzibar Central/South|Zanzibar North|Zanzibar Urban/West",s_a[224]="Amnat Charoen|Ang Thong|Buriram|Chachoengsao|Chai Nat|Chaiyaphum|Chanthaburi|Chiang Mai|Chiang Rai|Chon Buri|Chumphon|Kalasin|Kamphaeng Phet|Kanchanaburi|Khon Kaen|Krabi|Krung Thep Mahanakhon (Bangkok)|Lampang|Lamphun|Loei|Lop Buri|Mae Hong Son|Maha Sarakham|Mukdahan|Nakhon Nayok|Nakhon Pathom|Nakhon Phanom|Nakhon Ratchasima|Nakhon Sawan|Nakhon Si Thammarat|Nan|Narathiwat|Nong Bua Lamphu|Nong Khai|Nonthaburi|Pathum Thani|Pattani|Phangnga|Phatthalung|Phayao|Phetchabun|Phetchaburi|Phichit|Phitsanulok|Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya|Phrae|Phuket|Prachin Buri|Prachuap Khiri Khan|Ranong|Ratchaburi|Rayong|Roi Et|Sa Kaeo|Sakon Nakhon|Samut Prakan|Samut Sakhon|Samut Songkhram|Sara Buri|Satun|Sing Buri|Sisaket|Songkhla|Sukhothai|Suphan Buri|Surat Thani|Surin|Tak|Trang|Trat|Ubon Ratchathani|Udon Thani|Uthai Thani|Uttaradit|Yala|Yasothon",s_a[225]="Tobago",s_a[226]="De La Kara|Des Plateaux|Des Savanes|Du Centre|Maritime",s_a[227]="Atafu|Fakaofo|Nukunonu",s_a[228]="Ha'apai|Tongatapu|Vava'u",s_a[229]="Arima|Caroni|Mayaro|Nariva|Port-of-Spain|Saint Andrew|Saint David|Saint George|Saint Patrick|San Fernando|Victoria",s_a[230]="Ariana|Beja|Ben Arous|Bizerte|El Kef|Gabes|Gafsa|Jendouba|Kairouan|Kasserine|Kebili|Mahdia|Medenine|Monastir|Nabeul|Sfax|Sidi Bou Zid|Siliana|Sousse|Tataouine|Tozeur|Tunis|Zaghouan",s_a[231]="Adana|Adiyaman|Afyon|Agri|Aksaray|Amasya|Ankara|Antalya|Ardahan|Artvin|Aydin|Balikesir|Bartin|Batman|Bayburt|Bilecik|Bingol|Bitlis|Bolu|Burdur|Bursa|Canakkale|Cankiri|Corum|Denizli|Diyarbakir|Duzce|Edirne|Elazig|Erzincan|Erzurum|Eskisehir|Gaziantep|Giresun|Gumushane|Hakkari|Hatay|Icel|Igdir|Isparta|Istanbul|Izmir|Kahramanmaras|Karabuk|Karaman|Kars|Kastamonu|Kayseri|Kilis|Kirikkale|Kirklareli|Kirsehir|Kocaeli|Konya|Kutahya|Malatya|Manisa|Mardin|Mugla|Mus|Nevsehir|Nigde|Ordu|Osmaniye|Rize|Sakarya|Samsun|Sanliurfa|Siirt|Sinop|Sirnak|Sivas|Tekirdag|Tokat|Trabzon|Tunceli|Usak|Van|Yalova|Yozgat|Zonguldak",s_a[232]="Ahal Welayaty|Balkan Welayaty|Dashhowuz Welayaty|Lebap Welayaty|Mary Welayaty",s_a[233]="Tuvalu",s_a[234]="Adjumani|Apac|Arua|Bugiri|Bundibugyo|Bushenyi|Busia|Gulu|Hoima|Iganga|Jinja|Kabale|Kabarole|Kalangala|Kampala|Kamuli|Kapchorwa|Kasese|Katakwi|Kibale|Kiboga|Kisoro|Kitgum|Kotido|Kumi|Lira|Luwero|Masaka|Masindi|Mbale|Mbarara|Moroto|Moyo|Mpigi|Mubende|Mukono|Nakasongola|Nebbi|Ntungamo|Pallisa|Rakai|Rukungiri|Sembabule|Soroti|Tororo",s_a[235]="Avtonomna Respublika Krym (Simferopol')|Cherkas'ka (Cherkasy)|Chernihivs'ka (Chernihiv)|Chernivets'ka (Chernivtsi)|Dnipropetrovs'ka (Dnipropetrovs'k)|Donets'ka (Donets'k)|Ivano-Frankivs'ka (Ivano-Frankivs'k)|Kharkivs'ka (Kharkiv)|Khersons'ka (Kherson)|Khmel'nyts'ka (Khmel'nyts'kyy)|Kirovohrads'ka (Kirovohrad)|Kyyiv|Kyyivs'ka (Kiev)|L'vivs'ka (L'viv)|Luhans'ka (Luhans'k)|Mykolayivs'ka (Mykolayiv)|Odes'ka (Odesa)|Poltavs'ka (Poltava)|Rivnens'ka (Rivne)|Sevastopol'|Sums'ka (Sumy)|Ternopil's'ka (Ternopil')|Vinnyts'ka (Vinnytsya)|Volyns'ka (Luts'k)|Zakarpats'ka (Uzhhorod)|Zaporiz'ka (Zaporizhzhya)|Zhytomyrs'ka (Zhytomyr)",s_a[236]="'Ajman|Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi)|Al Fujayrah|Ash Shariqah (Sharjah)|Dubayy (Dubai)|Ra's al Khaymah|Umm al Qaywayn",s_a[237]="Barking and Dagenham|Barnet|Barnsley|Bath and North East Somerset|Bedfordshire|Bexley|Birmingham|Blackburn with Darwen|Blackpool|Bolton|Bournemouth|Bracknell Forest|Bradford|Brent|Brighton and Hove|Bromley|Buckinghamshire|Bury|Calderdale|Cambridgeshire|Camden|Cheshire|City of Bristol|City of Kingston upon Hull|City of London|Cornwall|Coventry|Croydon|Cumbria|Darlington|Derby|Derbyshire|Devon|Doncaster|Dorset|Dudley|Durham|Ealing|East Riding of Yorkshire|East Sussex|Enfield|Essex|Gateshead|Gloucestershire|Greenwich|Hackney|Halton|Hammersmith and Fulham|Hampshire|Haringey|Harrow|Hartlepool|Havering|Herefordshire|Hertfordshire|Hillingdon|Hounslow|Isle of Wight|Islington|Kensington and Chelsea|Kent|Kingston upon Thames|Kirklees|Knowsley|Lambeth|Lancashire|Leeds|Leicester|Leicestershire|Lewisham|Lincolnshire|Liverpool|Luton|Manchester|Medway|Merton|Middlesbrough|Milton Keynes|Newcastle upon Tyne|Newham|Norfolk|North East Lincolnshire|North Lincolnshire|North Somerset|North Tyneside|North Yorkshire|Northamptonshire|Northumberland|Nottingham|Nottinghamshire|Oldham|Oxfordshire|Peterborough|Plymouth|Poole|Portsmouth|Reading|Redbridge|Redcar and Cleveland|Richmond upon Thames|Rochdale|Rotherham|Rutland|Salford|Sandwell|Sefton|Sheffield|Shropshire|Slough|Solihull|Somerset|South Gloucestershire|South Tyneside|Southampton|Southend-on-Sea|Southwark|St.