He also revived the traditions of Vodou, later using them to consolidate his power with his claim of being a Vodou priest himself. [12] In 1966, he persuaded the Holy See to allow him permission to nominate the Catholic hierarchy for Haiti. And in another seeming para dox, Duvalier had the all important support of the army, whose generals considered him a feckless puppet. 2004 Taylor & Francis, Ltd. write at least 7 sentences, Which of the following is NOT a reason John F. Kennedy won the 1960 presidential election over Richard Nixon? In a similar vein, Elizabeth Abbott's Haiti: The MODULE 8 FINAL EXAM REVIEW | slideum.com Today, the Octavia E. Butler Collection is one of the most researched archives at the library. [10], Many educated professionals fled Haiti for New York City, Miami, Montreal, Paris and several French-speaking African countries, exacerbating an already serious lack of doctors and teachers. California: Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [12] The most celebrated image from the time shows a standing Jesus Christ with a hand on the shoulder of a seated Papa Doc, captioned, "I have chosen him". He was inaugurated Oct. 22. Now the spell was broken. In 1946 Haitian workers and students held strikes and violent demonstrations in opposition to the president, lie Lescot, who had succeeded Vincent in 1941. [34][35], Duvalier also held in his closet the head of former opponent Blucher Philogenes, who tried to overthrow him in 1963. Papa Doc, a Ruthless Dictator, Kept the Haitians in Illiteracy and Dire Poverty, https://www.nytimes.com/1971/04/23/archives/papa-doc-a-ruthless-dictator-kept-the-haitians-in-illiteracy-and.html. [20]:101, After Fulgencio Batista (a friend of Duvalier)[20]:92 was overthrown in the Cuban Revolution, Duvalier worried that new Cuban leader Fidel Castro would provide a safe haven for Haitian dissidents. How did the Soviet forces respond to Operation Barbarossa? The regime's propaganda stated that "Papa Doc was one with the lwa, Jesus Christ and God himself". He was succeeded by his son, JeanClaude, who was nicknamed "Baby Doc". Duvalier was born on April 14, 1907, in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. When Jean-Claude Duvalier touched down in Port-au-Prince in January, after nearly 25 years in exile, the former dictator said he had come to help. , iod) and the opinions held about immigration? By Max A. Joseph. Duvalier burned a three mile swath along the border, creating a noman'sland to prevent Haitians from escaping to the Dominican Republic and Haitian exiles from launching invasions from Dominican soil. He was elected president in the 1957 general election on a populist and black nationalist platform. . In 1950, after Estim had attempted to extend his term, the military took control. As revolutionary, he said gravely, I have no right to disregard the voice of the people.. Final Flashcards | Quizlet Duvaliers government additionally confiscated peasant land holdings and siphoned about $500 million of taxes and foreign aid. The Macoute, which by 1961 was twice as big as the army, never developed into a real military force but was more than just a secret police. Updates? Under the durable Duvalier regime, which began in 1957 and lasted longer than any oth er in Haiti's historyof the 36 Presidents who preceded Papa Doc, 23 were either killed . Caribbean Quarterly A result of Papa Doc Duvalier's rule in Haiti was 1. (Choice B) California, Haiti's former ruler Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier has died of a heart attack in the capital Port-au-Prince aged 63, official sources say. In response, Duvalier organized a paramilitary groupthe so-called Tontons Macoutes (Bogeymen)to terrorize the population. This was one of the straws that broke the back of the United States Department of State, which by 1961 had shored up the corruptionriddled Gov vernment to the extent of about $50million in economic and military aid. Near the end of his life, Duvalier faced a contracting economy, withdrawal of most U.S. aid, and a decline in tourism; in response he relaxed some of the severe repression and terror that had characterized his early regime. [10]:357 A few days later Duvalier gave a public speech during which he read the attendance sheet with names of all 19 officers killed. 6,657. [3] He was elected president in the 1957 general election on a populist and black nationalist platform. During their campaigning, Haiti was ruled by five temporary administrations, none lasting longer than a few months. In October Col. Paul E. Magloire was elected president in a plebiscite. The U.S. thus halted most of its economic assistance in mid-1962, pending stricter accounting procedures, with which Duvalier refused to comply. Kennedys brother and campaign manager persuaded the judge to release Martin Luther King, Jr. on bail. The plot failed and Duvalier then ordered a nationwide search for Barbot and his fellow conspirators. The United States, which counted on him strongly as an antiCommunist ally, flew in teams of specialists from Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and from Washington to treat him. During his 14 years in power, he created a substantial black middle class, chiefly through government patronage. Papa Doc Duvalier - 1957-1971. During Duvalier's regime, many of Haiti's intellectuals became expatriates, as they fled to other countries seeking refuge from his reign. This group was led by Creole speaking Henri d' Anton was comprised of Cuban guerrillas and Haitian exiles. A few months later Lieut. [9] His patients affectionately called him "Papa Doc", a moniker that he used throughout his life. California, 2. 18. Nov 12, 2020. To make this possible, Papa Doc's legislature changed the Constitution, which had stipu lated the President had to be at least 40 years old, and the people were permitted to vote in February, 1971, on the pro position: Citizen Dr. Franois Duvalier has chosen Citizen JeanClaude Duvalier to succeed him to the Presidency for Life of the Republic. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. Starting in 1957, the Duvalier family began its rule of Haiti. Duvalier was just 19 when in 1971 he inherited the . His practice included taking part in campaigns to prevent yaws and other diseases. After six teenagers painted a Down, With Duvalier sign on a Port auPrince walland were exe cuted without trial President Duvalier ordered that all youth organizations, even the Boy Scouts, be disbanded. The most recent dictatorship began in 1957 when Francois (Papa Doc) Duvalier, Jean-Claude's father, emerged as president after a political struggle so chaotic that six governments had held power . But, he never paid the fare back to . Franois Duvalier (French pronunciation:[fswa dyvalje]; 14 April 1907 21 April 1971), also known as Papa Doc, was a Haitian politician of French Martiniquan descent who served as the President of Haiti from 1957 until his death. The trial's defendant, David Knox, was a Bahamian director of information. B. A contributor to the daily Action Nationale (1934), Duvalier was markedly influenced by the mystic scholar Lorimer Denis and became a member of Le Groupe des Griots, a circle of writers who embraced black nationalism and voodoo as the key sources of Haitian culture. And to further assure his as sumed benignity, Duvalier had his rubberstamp legislature pro claim him Incorruptible Leader of the Great Majority of the Haitian People, Renovator of the Republic, Chief of the Revo lution and Spiritual Father of the Nation. , items, including Butlers private notes, research materials, manuscripts, photos, and drawings. Fran ois Duvalier was the president of Haiti from 1957 until his death. Complete the following sentence: [10], Duvalier promoted and installed members of the black majority in the civil service and the army. Thirteen young Haitian expatriates had alit from sea, Granma-like, early that August of 1964 . In October 1937 troops and police from the Dominican Republic massacred thousands of Haitian labourers living near the border. The regime of Jean-Claude Duvalier sought international respectability. In April 1964 he declared himself president for life. TimesMachine is an exclusive benefit for home delivery and digital subscribers. [33] Duvalier declared himself an "immaterial being" as well as "the Haitian flag" soon after his first election. Bonne Annee | Literature Quiz - Quizizz Luc Desyr, the Bible-toting chief henchman for Haitian dictator Francois (Papa Doc) Duvalier, . A force was formed by the president to eliminate the people who dissent from his ruling. An estimated 40,000 Haitians died under his rule from 1957 to 1971. Another unlikely tale born out of Duvalier's mystique is that upon hearing of US President John F Kennedy's death in 1963, rather than offer his condolences, Duvalier took credit - if that's the right word - for the murder. [6]:9697[10] The new document granted Duvalieror Le Souverain, as he was calledabsolute powers as well as the right to name his successor. After thwarting a military coup d'tat in 1958, his . Duvalier's coffin was not inside, however. Duvalier further sought to solidify his rule by incorporating elements of Haitian mythology into a personality cult. The Duvaliers: The End of an Era - The Haitian Times In the 1960s, Duvalier proved to be resistant to both domestic and foreign challenges. Dr. Franois Duvalier, also known as "Papa Doc," was the president of Haiti from 1957 to 1971. Duvalier remained under con stant guard, depending for his power on a 600man palace guard, the 350 soldiers of the Dessalines Barracks adjacent to the gleaming white palace, 5,000 militiamen, and perhaps most importantly, the dreaded Tontons Macoutes (Haitain Creole for bogeymen). One of the most informative, Patrick Lemoine's FortDimanche: Dungeon of Death, dealt specifically with victims of Fort Dimanche, the prison which Duvalier used for the torture and murder of his political opponents.[48]. [27]:1011, Haitian communists and even suspected communists bore the brunt of the government's repression. The Power of the Executive under the Duvalier Constitutions 14. for government. [21] Although the army and its leaders had quashed the coup attempt, the incident deepened Duvalier's distrust of the army, an important Haitian institution over which he did not have firm control. Jean-Claude Duvalier: Brutal Haitian dictator who ruled the country (Choice C) California: Haitians overthrow regime, 1984-1986. Duvalier also resisted foreign criticism. 1241 [43] The book was later made into a film. tonton macoute uncle gunnysack Duvalier was just 19 when in 1971 he inherited the . In 1954, Duvalier abandoned medicine, hiding out in Haiti's countryside from the Magloire regime. Childhood & Early Life. Ousted Haitian dictator Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier dies The journal promoted Ngritude (a form of black nationalism) and championed the black minority against the Europeanized mixed-race elite. The invaders came ashore Haitian land at Les Irois, the southern most tip of the country. He attended the University of Haiti and earned a degree in medicine in 1934. A result of Papa Doc Duvalier's rule in Haiti was the establishment of a totalitarian regime.. Franois Duvalier (1907-1971), who was also known as Papa Doc Duvalier was President of Haiti between 1957 until his death in 1971.He promoted black nationalism and was elected in 1957, and in 1958 he conducted an overthrow (coup d'tat) that transformed the nation into a totalitarian state. [20] He had a new constitution adopted that year. It was then that Papa Doc, whose condition was aggravated by diabetes, decided he wished to be succeeded by his only son, JeanClaude, a hulking 19year old playboy. political experience than Nixon and understood Soviet and Chinese issues. Initially presenting himself as a reconciliatory president, within months Duvalier silenced opposition and began distributing self-promoting propaganda. From that point many professionals fled the country, resulting in the collapse of the educational and health care systems. Duvalier militiamen cut him down with machinegun fire, and on Duvalier's or ders, his head was cut off, placed in a pail of ice and dis patched to the national palace. [10][29] Duvalier attempted to exploit tensions between the U.S. and Cuba, emphasizing his anti-communist credentials and Haiti's strategic location as a means of winning U.S. support: Communism has established centres of infection No area in the world is as vital to American security as the Caribbean We need a massive injection of money to reset the country on its feet, and this injection can come only from our great, capable friend and neighbor the United States. The Duva lierists set fire to the field and picked off the Barbots and their men as they ran out. [42] Duvalier, however, dismissed the piece and referred to its author as "a cretin, a stool pigeon, sadistic, unbalanced, perverted, a perfect ignoramous [sic], lying to his heart's content, the shame of proud and noble England, a spy, a drug addict, and a torturer". Duvalier Flees to France; Army-Led Panel to Rule Haiti : U.S. C-141 It was rumoured that on the morning of the assassination, the Haitian president had stabbed his JFK "Voodoo . Throwing support behind Dumarsais Estims government, Duvalier served in the Ministries of Public Health and Labor, giving him his first role in government. Duvalierists managed to be ap pointed to several public offices during that hectic period and used the opportunity to work for Duvalier's support among civil servants. Cliquez ici pour lire l'article en franais. Franois Duvalier Biography - Facts, Childhood, Family Life Politically active from an early age, Duvalier wrote articles for the nationalist and anti-American occupation newspaper, Action Nationale under the name Abderrahman. occupation is chronicled effectively in Hans Schmidt's The United States Occupation of Haiti, 1915-1934. The Dominican government agreed to compensate the slain workers' relatives the following year, but only part of the promised amount was actually paid. First he obtained a petition from his army generals de manding the action, then had his legislature replace the Con stitution with one that legalized a presidency for life, and fi nally clinched matters by hold ing a referendum in which ne was the sole candidate. Papa Doc, a Ruthless Dictator, Kept the Haitians in Illiteracy and Dire How did the rule of Francois "Papa Doc" Duvalier impact Haiti? The Kennedy administration (19611963) was particularly disturbed by Duvalier's repressive and totalitarian rule and allegations that he misappropriated aid money, at the time a substantial part of the Haitian budget, and a U.S. Marine Corps mission to train the Tonton Macoute. During those years, in which he traveled widely in the country side inoculating peasants against yaws, he won a reputa tion as a hardworking, some what selfeffacing country doc tor, who could in the eyes of superstitious people, work mir acles. The regime was characterized by corruption and human rights abuses, but a personality cult developed around Duvalier himself, and some sectors of society strongly supported him, including a small upwardly mobile black middle class. James Ferguson, Papa Doc, Baby Doc: Haiti and the Duvaliers (Oxford: Basil Blackwell Ltd, 1987); Bernard Diederich, Papa Doc & The Tontons Macoutes (Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishing, 2005); Richard A. Haggerty, ed., The Dominican Republic and Haiti: Country Studies (Washington D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, 1991); David Nicholls, From Dessalines to Duvalier: Race, Colour and National Independence in Haiti (New York: Vail-Ballou Press, 1979); http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/43a/566.html. The United States and other nations imposed a trade embargo, but it was partly circumvented by smuggling through the Dominican Republic. Duvalier's Flight Ends Family Rule, but Not Haitian Turbulence Franois Duvalier, or "Papa Doc" as he was known, came to power as the result of having "won" an election on September 22, 1957; 4 he was installed as President on October 22, 1957 and remained in power until his death in April 1971. MODULE 8 FINAL EXAM REVIEW - SlideServe [6]:82, While recovering, Duvalier left power in the hands of Clment Barbot, leader of the Tonton Macoute. Franois "Papa Doc" Duvalier (1907-1971) - BlackPast.org That summer he had Barbot murdered, after the latter, on his release from prison, had attempted an insurrection. [25] Peepholes were carved into the walls of the interrogation chambers, through which Duvalier watched Haitian detainees being tortured and submerged in baths of sulfuric acid; sometimes, he was in the room during the torture.[26]. During the U. S. occupation of Haiti between 1915 and 1934, hundreds of thousands of unskilled Haitian laborers were encouraged to Francois "Papa Doc" Duvalier was elected president that year but became a dictator, refusing to give up his leadership role until his death in 1971. Duvalier enraged Castro by voting against the country in an Organization of American States(OAS) meeting and subsequently at the United Nations, where a trade embargo was imposed on Cuba. Blucher Philogenes, who had bragged he was immune to death. He often donned sunglasses in order to hide his eyes and talked with the strong nasal tone associated with the lwa. Franois Duvalier, byname Papa Doc, (born April 14, 1907, Port-au-Prince, Haitidied April 21, 1971, Port-au-Prince), president of Haiti whose 14-year regime was of unprecedented duration in that country. Choose 1 answer: [44][citation needed], Alan Whicker featured Duvalier in a 1969 episode of Whicker's World, which included an interview with the president. For nearly three decades, Haiti was ruled by the notorious Duvaliersfirst by Francois "Papa Doc" Duvalier and then by his son, Jean-Claude "Baby Doc." That era came to a close in early October, when Baby Doc died in Haiti at the age of 63. Haiti's former ruler Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier has died of a heart attack in the capital Port-au-Prince aged 63, official sources say. His rivals in the election fled the country, but Tonton execu tioners, furious that one of the losing candidates, Clement Jumelle, had escaped, tracked down two of his brothers and gunned them down as they sur rendered, hands up. Then he called a new presidential election in which he was the sole candidate, though his term was to expire in 1963 and the constitution prohibited re-election. Malnutrition and famine became endemic.[12]. Corruption, imprisonment and repression remained staples in Haiti's government during Baby Doc's fifteen-year rule. Tonton Macoute was a special operations unit within the Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator Franois "Papa Doc" Duvalier. Former Haitian dictator Jean-Claude Duvalier dies at 63 | Reuters To preserve these articles as they originally appeared, The Times does not alter, edit or update them. BlackPast.org is a 501(c)(3) non-profit and our EIN is 26-1625373. Franois Duvalier was a promoter of black nationalism and an overthrow was conducted by him which resulted in transformation of the nation into a totalitarian state. Due to his profession and expertise in the medical field, he acquired the nickname "Papa Doc". years of military rule in Haiti, U.S. intervention ushered . The United States looked favorably upon Duvalier when he won a democratic election in Haiti in 1957, Do you ratify it?. [10], The racism and violence that occurred during the United States occupation of Haiti, which began in 1915, inspired black nationalism among Haitians and left a powerful impression on the young Duvalier. Opposition newspapers were bombed by Tonton hooligans and during the first year of Duvalier's revolution, editors and publishers of seven leading periodicals were jailed and most of them were tortured. Former Haitian dictator Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier arrives at the Caribe Hotel in Port-au-Prince after his surprise return to Haiti on Sunday, Jan. 16, 2011, in the midst of a political . Francois "Papa Doc" Duvalier (1907-1971) - Find a On October 4, 2014, Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier, the self-styled former president-for-life of Haiti, died as a result of a cardiac arrest at the home of a friend in the Port-au-Prince suburb of Petion-Ville. [6]:85[17] The New York Times commented, "Latin America has witnessed many fraudulent elections throughout its history but none has been more outrageous than the one which has just taken place in Haiti". Physician Francois popularly known as "Papa Doc" Duvalier was said to have came into power on On September 25, 1956. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. (L-R) Jean Claude"Baby Doc" Duvalier, Francois "Papa Doc" Duvalier (L-R) Jean Claude"Baby Doc" Duvalier, Francois "Papa Doc" Duvalier. The Soviet Union pursued an imperialistic relationship with Cuba in which the Soviets would rule and provide protection to a colonized Cuba . [37][38], On February 8, 1986, when the Duvalier regime fell, a crowd attacked Duvalier's mausoleum, throwing boulders at it, chipping off pieces from it, and breaking open the crypt. [22], In the early years of his rule, Duvalier was able to take advantage of the strategic weaknesses of his powerful opponents, mostly from the mulatto elite. Other attempts to overthrow Duvalier were equally unsuccessful. [32], Duvalier employed intimidation, repression, and patronage to supplant the old mulatto elites with a new elite of his own making. Choose 1 answer: His regime was notorious for its autocratic and corrupt rule. Violence continued, however, and there was an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow Duvalier in July 1958. He was to continue to hold it in superstitious reverence. Around 300. He de ported clergymen who criticized his rule, earning his own ex communication from the Roman Catholic Church. During his underground period, in which he switched from one hiding place to another dressed as a woman, one of his chief coconspirators was Clement Barbot, a schoolteacher who was to become first his most trusted henchmen and finally his most hated enemy. TRIGGER WARNING: EXECUTION. Duvalier's revenge was swift and fearsome. Nicknamed "Baby Doc," Jean-Claude became the world's youngest president when he . Jean-Claude Duvalier, who died of a heart attack on October 4, 2014, became the unwilling . A result of Papa Doc Duvalier's rule in Haiti was the establishment of a totalitarian regime. Mrs. Duvalier's influence probably reached its peak after the death of her husband in 1971, when her son, still a teen-ager, succeeded his father as Haiti's ''President for Life.'' Explain who may be included within a family of origin. Papa Doc maintained his presidency until his death in 1971. Seldom smiling and moving with a studied slowness, he spoke softly except when addressing the multitudes, when his rhetor ic often turned from prosaic to racy to vulgar. Franois Duvalier - Students | Britannica Kids | Homework Help Haiti's former leader Jean-Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier has been charged with corruption and embezzlement during his 1971-1986 rule, prosecutors say. After thwarting a military coup d'tat in 1958, his regime rapidly became more autocratic and despotic. A result of Papa Doc Duvalier's rule in Haiti was 1.