Exam 2 Flashcards | Chegg.com D) the energy in CO2 is used to produce ATP and NADPH. The concentration of CO2 will decrease as plants use it in the light-dependent reactions. form carbon dioxide. The stomata open to absorb the carbon dioxide needed to perform photosynthesis. A centrifuge used to subject engineering components to high acceleration has a radius of 8m8 \mathrm{~m}8m. It starts from rest at t=0t=0t=0, and during its two-minute acceleration phase it is programmed so that its angular acceleration is given as a function of time in seconds by =0.1920.0016trad/s2\alpha=0.192-0.0016 t \mathrm{rad} / \mathrm{s}^2=0.1920.0016trad/s2. through an electron transport chain molecule, Global warming due to the greenhouse effect may be. Light reactions are located in the thylakoid membrane because _____. What provides electrons for the light reactions? D) In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is reduced to form sugar, while in respiration, sugar is oxidized to . E) Burning wood contributes more to acid rain than burning fossil fuels. b) chemiosmosis can occur across the thylakoid membrane. B) made worse by photosynthesis, which adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide absorption is an appropriate indicator of photosynthesis because:_________.A) CO2 is needed to complete the light reactions.B) The energy in CO2 is used to produce ATP and NADPH.C) Plants produce oxygen gas by splitting CO2.D) CO2 is needed to produce sugars in the Calvin cycle. C) is attributable to high CO2 levels. E) The release of energy by the excited electron can be as heat, light, or fluorescence. B) reduction of carbon C) regeneration of ATP is driven by a flow of protons through an ATP synthase. B) is analogous to the production of ATP in mitochondria. C) regeneration of ATP is driven by a flow of protons through an ATP synthase. He can barely keep it moving, and his feet occasionally slip. Chlorophyll is found in the __________ of chloroplasts. Two turns of the Calvin cycle can lead to the production of one molecule of glucose as the three-carbon precursor, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, is produced with each turn of the cycle. . This process begins with the absorption of light by specialized organic molecules, called pigments, that are found in the chloroplasts of plant cells.Here, we'll consider light as a form of energy, and we'll also see how pigments - such as the chlorophylls . c) Even though it cannot carry out the light reactions, the plant can still produce sugars because the Calvin cycle does not require light. Which of the following are photoautotrophs? C) CO 2 is needed to produce sugars in the Calvin cycle. covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next, -contains a haploid number of genes -is unlike any other gamete. C) does not have a reaction center. 4. A) quantum. This free, energized electron powers the electron transport chain to generate ATP and ultimately be "handed off" to NADP+ to make NADPH for the Calvin cycle. D) absorb more CO2 than the plants under the green light. Carbon dioxide absorption is an appropriate indicator of photosynthesis because The water to reverse flow from tank B to tank A. g. Scala tympani CO2 provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugars in photosynthesis. You start to wonder how heavy the crate is. B) couples the flow of H+ to the phosphorylation of ADP. . D) the same as the equation for glycolysis written in reverse. b) plants produce oxygen gas by splitting CO2. . In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is reduced to form sugar, while in respiration, sugar is oxidized to form carbon dioxide. a) Even though the plant received no visible light, it was able to use the shortwave part of the electromagnetic spectrum (gamma rays and X-rays) to carry out photosynthesis. B) lack mitochondria but have chloroplasts. See Page 1. 18) Which of the following statements regarding photosynthesis is false? a) water splitting. 63) Ozone consists of ________ oxygen atom(s). j. Tectorial membrane C) carbon dioxide. Plant leaves are also able to absorb and release water through the stomata. a) forms NADPH to be used in the Calvin cycle. b) electrons from water and energy from ATP. E) a fuel for cellular respiration and a starting material for making other organic molecules. She then systematically changed the distance from the beaker to the lamp. . Which figure depicts an animal cell placed in a solution hypotonic to the cell? 33) Which of the following photosynthetic pigments can be found at the photosystem reaction center? What can you conclude about how the distance from a light source relates to the rate of photosynthesis? 48) Mitochondria transfer ________ energy from ________ to ATP; chloroplasts transform ________ e) RuP. A) chemical . B) Burning fossil fuels release carbon dioxide that was removed from the atmosphere millions of years ago. a) a fuel for cellular respiration and a starting material for making other organic molecules. CO2 is needed to produce sugars in the Calvin cycle. C) are inputs to the photosystems. A) Forests play too minor a role in global CO2 dynamics, which are affected far more by marine algae. Which of the following graphs represents the effect of increasing light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis? When the carbon dioxide concentration decreases, the Plant roots and leaves absorb water, which reacts with carbon dioxide using energy from light as the catalyst. d) break down H2O. A redox reaction involves the transfer of. Container A is placed under normal sunlight, B under green light, and C under red light. Shown here is the graph of the data for the beaker she placed beside the lamp. d) An electron transport chain c) the Calvin cycle. C) NADP+ is reduced to NADPH. You're conducting an experiment to determine the effect of different 30) Plant cells are protected from the harmful effects of reactive oxidative molecules by C) ATP. Container A is placed under normal sunlight, B under green light, and C under red light. The plants in the red light because chlorophyll absorbs red light. a) ADP, NADP+, O2. A) is an evolutionary relic from when atmospheric O2 levels were low and did not interfere with rubisco. B) Photosynthesis is ultimately powered by light energy and respiration by the chemical energy of fuel c) absorbs light energy. CO2 provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugars in photosynthesis. D) include only the green plants. Carbon dioxide is particularly influential in regulating pH. E) 6 CH2O + 5 O2 + sunlight CO2 + 2 H2O. Match the terms in column A with the descriptions in column B. The chlorophyll breaks down, the green color disappears, and the yellow to orange colors become visible and give the leaves part of their fall splendor. C) The greenhouse effect is inversely related to increasing levels of atmospheric CO2. She counted the bubbles given off by the plants in each beaker. Which is hotter-a red star or a blue star? D) thylakoid membranes . versa. E) thylakoids; stroma. Small aquatic plants are placed into three containers of water mixed with carbon dioxide and indicator A) They help the plant conserve water and synthesize glucose efficiently under hot, dry conditions. b) orange, red, and violet. versa. What important fact does this argument ignore? 3) Which of the following is an example of a photoautotroph? What are by-products of cellular respiration? a) Sucrose (C12H22O11) e) Chlorophyll. Carbon dioxide absorption is an appropriate indicator of photosynthesis because Select one: a. CO2 is needed to complete the light reactions. C) In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is oxidized to form sugar, while in respiration, sugar is reduced to form carbon dioxide. B) ATP. A) H and O both in glucose B) H in glucose; O in water C) H in water; O in glucose D) H in glucose and water; O in O2 E) H in glucose and water; O in water and O2, Which of the following statements concerning the role of redox reactions in photosynthesis and cellular respiration is true? c) are found in the roots of plants. 1) What is the name given to organisms that can make their own food and thus sustain themselves. After reading the paragraph, answer the question(s) that follow. Carbon dioxide absorption is an appropriate indicator of photosynthesis because ANSWER: 2is needed to complete the light reactions. B) photorespiration. Turn off all gas flow when the machine is not in use. a) function in energy transformation. Involves lights: L B) powers the process of glucose synthesis by supplying the cell with ATP. cool, moistc. D) phycocyanin, 34) Which of the following is a normal process of photosynthesis that could not occur if all reaction E) They allow the plant to avoid photorespiration by producing a four-carbon sugar in place of glucose. B) food . You're conducting an experiment to determine the effect of different or three? rate of photosynthesis increases, the amount of carbon dioxide in the environment will decrease and vice Students in a biology class conduct an experiment to determine the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis in a plant. form carbon dioxide. h. Scala vestibuli Within the plant cell, the water is oxidized, meaning it loses electrons, while the carbon dioxide is reduced, meaning it gains electrons. b) The Calvin cycle depends on products of the light reactions. A) chlorophyll b . ; stomata. D) levels in the atmosphere have been steadily increasing in the past century. B) shuttle electrons along in a series of redox reactions. 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. semi-tropicald. D) H+ . d) a starting material for the Calvin cycle. Which of the following correctly identifies the structures labeled in Figure 8-2? ________ cells in leaves are specialized for photosynthesis. H+ D) absorption of photons by carotenoids. After reading the paragraph below answer the questions that follow You're conducting an experiment to determine the effect of different wavelengths of light on the absorption of carbon dioxide as an indicator of the rate of photosynthesis in aquatic ecosystems. C) In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is oxidized to form sugar, while in respiration, sugar is reduced to form carbon dioxide. Shown here is the graph of the data for the beaker she placed beside the lamp. D) green, 28) Of the following wavelengths of light, which would you expect to be reflected or transmitted by Biology 1408 - Exam 3 - Chapter 7, 8, 9 Flashcards | Quizlet B) The greenhouse effect is exacerbated by the use of fossil fuels. a) red. D) the energy in CO 2 is used to produce ATP and NADPH. In what form would you expect to find sulfur (S) as a result of photosynthesis in these bacteria? 61) It has been argued that cutting old-growth forests and replacing them with plantations of young trees Changing the enzyme's three-dimensional shape. . nucleus. Improve Plant Photosynthesis by a New Slow-Release Carbon Dioxide Gas Which of the following is part of the light reaction? n the light reaction, clusters of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid pigments function most like. 83) B) theenergy in CO2isused toproduce ATP and NADPH. Skill: Applying/Analyzing Learning Outcome: 7.5 34) Carbon dioxide absorption is an appropriate indicator of photosynthesis because A) CO 2 is needed to produce sugars in the Calvin cycle. C) ATP, NADPH, O2 Change all absorbents, not just one canister in a two-canister system. C) energy cyanobacteria in freshwater and marine ecosystems, Autotrophs that utilize light as their energy source are. Amino Acids enter: G, CAC C) six 46) The chloroplast ATP synthase d) Carbon dioxide concentrations decrease at night. C) cytoplasm Using this value, find the separation distance of the 222 nitrogen atoms. nucleus d) forms part of photosystem II. You are surprised to find that it is still alive when you return. Brainscape helps you realize your greatest personal and professional ambitions through strong habits and hyper-efficient studying. b) nuclear. The concentration of CO2 will decrease as plants use the energy in CO2 to produce ATP energy that cells use to make sugars. We do not see the absorbed wavelengths, only those that are reflected. (a) When cooled, the densities of most objects (1) increase, (2) decrease, (3) stay the same. B) glucose What transports electrons from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle? c) Plants usually open their stomata at night. Which of the following statements about water balance disorders is scientifically accurate? E) are only found on land. E) thylakoids; stroma Change absorbent whenever the color change indicates exhaustion. B) is analogous to the production of ATP in mitochondria. In simple summary form, the input of the Calvin cycle for every product is _____, and the output is _____ used for glucose synthesis. Arsenic is a poison that binds to a molecule needed to build acetyl CoA. D) the energy in CO2 is used to produce ATP and NADPH. . B) are products of the Calvin cycle. C) C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + sunlight 6 CO2 + 6 H2O. 6CO2 + 6HO2 ---> C6H12O6 + 6O2 (carbon dioxide + water -->sugar + oxygen), -occurs in thylakoids -uses light energy to convert water to oxygen -light is absorbed by chlorophyll in thylakoid membranes, -occurs in the stroma -requires ATP- made from light reactions -converts CO 2 to sugars. Occurs in the cytosol: G Mutation that introduces a different codon, resulting in a different amino acid. kinetic During the growing season leaves take up carbon dioxide. A) light d) couples the flow of H+ to the phosphorylation of ADP. . structure C According to this figure, how do H+ ions make their way from the stroma to the thylakoid interior? b) While it did have access to light before you left, the plant stored energy in the form of sugars or starch, and it was able to derive energy from those during your vacation. Small aquatic plants are placed into three containers of water mixed with carbon dioxide. During photosynthesis, plants take in carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) from the air and soil. B) electromagnetic Bromthymol blue turns from blue to yellow in the presence of CO2. B) four A) cyanobacteria in freshwater and marine ecosystems B) grizzly bears in Alaska C) bacteria in our mouth D) fungi growing in the refrigerator E) mushrooms growing on the side of a dead tree, A) cyanobacteria in freshwater and marine ecosystems, What is the likely origin of chloroplasts? 64) It has been argued that cutting old-growth forests and replacing them with plantations of young trees would help to alleviate the threat of global greenhouse warming. Which of the following statements regarding photosynthesis and carbon dioxide is false? a) electrons from carbon dioxide and energy from ATP. A) stroma . Where is chlorophyll found in a plant cell? a) the enzymes involved require a lipid bound to their active site. The concentration of CO2 will decrease as plants use it to energizes electrons in the electron transport system. b) Chlorophyll a is found in photosystem I and chlorophyll b in photosystem II. When the carbon dioxide concentration decreases, the color of the indicator solution also changes. In this drawing of a chloroplast, which structure represents the thylakoid membrane? . d. 1,000 minutes === hours. 49) Photosynthetic organisms derive their carbon from A) Photosynthesis involves only reductions, while respiration involves only oxidations. C) stroma; thylakoids Occurs in the mitochondria: CAC, ETC B) stroma . Plants absorb more CO2 than we thought, but C) are located on the inner membrane of the chloroplast. The Factors affecting photosynthesis - carbon dioxide and temperature Photoautotrophs A) make sugar by using organic raw materials. Why? B) are found in the roots of plants. D) four, 64) Which of the following has been a major source of ozone destruction over the past 50 years? Does it seem peculiar that symmetric fission is not the most probable? (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.). D) produces glucose. Based on your knowledge of the process of photosynthesis, the plant in the container placed under red light would probably. B) produce organic molecules from inorganic molecules, Which of the following is an example of a photoautotroph? C) have mitochondria but do not have chloroplasts. What do plants do with the sugar they produce in photosynthesis. Bromthymol blue turns from blue to yellow in the presence of CO2. A) Chlorophyll a is found in photosystem I and chlorophyll b in photosystem II. Name two environmental leaders associated with each of these philosophies. D) The greenhouse effect has no direct relationship with the Industrial Revolution of the 1800s. B) CO2 is needed to complete the light reactions. What is the purpose of test tube #1 that does not contain a plant? C) absorption of photons by chlorophyll b make glucose or other organic molecules. You're conducting an experiment to determine the effect of different wavelengths of light on the absorption of carbon dioxide as an indicator of the rate of photosynthesis in aquatic ecosystems. A) photosynthetic prokaryotes that lived inside eukaryotic cells. solution. You've added an indicator to each solution. Stores energy in a form that can drive cellular work. A) play a role in glucose synthesis by plants. b) orange. Which of the following statements correctly explains this observation? Which of the following equations represents photosynthesis? B) carbon dioxide. 36) Clusters of light-gathering pigments in a photosystem How might global climate change affect the aquifer? Plants use sugars as : C) orange Based on your knowledge of the process of photosynthesis, the plant in the container placed under red light would probably A) absorb no CO2. The primary function of light absorption by photosystems I and II is to produce _____. A) cellular respiration. . d) electrons from water and energy from sunlight When the carbon dioxide concentration decreases, the Photosynthesis - National Geographic Society E) CO2 energizes electrons in the electron transport system. Because plants can make more organic material each day than they need to use as respiratory fuel and precursors for biosynthesis, they stockpile the extra sugar as starch, storing some in chloroplasts, as well as in roots, tubers, seeds, and fruits. B) Photosynthesis is ultimately powered by light energy and respiration by the chemical energy of fuel molecules. B) lack mitochondria but have chloroplasts. C) O2 In which of the following organelles does photosynthesis take place? D) CO2isneeded tocomplete the light reactions. ATP and NADPH A) play a role in glucose synthesis by plants. 53) The addition of oxygen instead of carbon dioxide to RuBP results in E) Photosynthesis involves both reduction and oxidation, while respiration involves only oxidation. A) inner membrane; outer membrane C) bacteria in our mouth. Plants use sugars as Occurs in an animal cell: G, CAC, ETC cellular respiration and photosynthesis pract, Biology | Unit 2 Review | Classification, Evo, 5. organisaiton: plant organisation: Transpir, Michelle Provost-Craig, Susan J. c. 2 days ==\ldots= minutes B) passes electrons to photosystem I. A) The greenhouse effect is reduced by deforestation. D) photosystem I. If the rate of photosynthesis increases, the amount of carbon dioxide in the environment will decrease and vice versa. C) eat other organisms that use light energy to make food molecules. Chlorophyll b and carotenoids A) are best at absorbing the energy of green light. B) energy is stored in the form of a proton concentration difference. (One G3P leaves the cycle as an output. In the chloroplast, sugars are made in a compartment that is filled with a thick fluid called the, Chloroplasts contain disklike membranous sacs arranged in stacks called. E) found throughout the plant. Sunlight is a type of ________ energy. The containers are observed for a 24-hour period. A) one grana. Plants, on the other hand, are experts at capturing light energy and using it to make sugars through a process called photosynthesis. Which of the following is a normal process of photosynthesis that could not occur if all reaction centers were inactivated by a toxin? C) They allow the plant to fix carbon more efficiently in dim or cool conditions. Tube within cochlea containing spiral organ and endolymph. How do the reaction centers of photosystem I and II differ? E) uses noncyclic electron flow to capture energy in glucose. The chloroplast ATP synthase A) is a nucleic acid complex. B) Each preferentially absorbs slightly different wavelengths of light. containers are observed for a 24-hour period. Climate Change: Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Clusters of light-gathering pigments in a photosystem The chloroplast ATP synthase She placed one beaker in the shade and the other beaker beside a fluorescent lamp. c) CO2 is needed to produce sugars in the Calvin cycle. A) an antenna. D) chlorophyll. thylakoid membrane. Plant cells A) lack mitochondria and chloroplasts. food . because photosynthesis decreases as a plant is moved further away from a light source D) ATP. . Destroying the H+ gradient that allows ATP synthase to work. b) H2O- Water. B) a propeller on a motorboat. C) a starting material for the Calvin cycle. c) CO2 is needed to produce sugars in the Calvin cycle. A plant that uses CAM photosynthesis is most likely to be successful in what type of environment?a. Carbon dioxide absorption is an appropriate indicator of photosynthesis B CO2 is needed to produce sugars in the Calvin cycle. C) provide energy to Photosystem I and Photosystem II. D) carbon dioxide. b) G3P (C3H6O3) B) is of benefit to the plant since it breaks down rubisco. It has been argued that cutting old-growth forests and replacing them with plantations of young trees would help to alleviate the threat of global greenhouse warming. because cellular respiration decreases when there is less ligh A) occurs when carbon and oxygen from CO2 are incorporated into an organic molecule. D) Photosynthesis produces O2; respiration produces CO2. A) Chlorophyll a reflects green light. You're conducting an experiment to determine the effect of different wavelengths of light on the absorption of carbon dioxide as an indicator of the rate of photosynthesis in aquatic ecosystems. When chloroplast pigments absorb light, their electrons become excited. What happened to the energy that was stored in your gastank after your lawnmower comes to a stop as a resultof running out of gas? A) blue hot, moistb. C) H in water; O in glucose d) be inside a mitochondrion. A) mitochondria. A) reduced by photosynthesis, which removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. formation of waste products in the form of O2. . Carbon dioxide Plants get the carbon dioxide they need from the air through their leaves. a) green, orange, and red. What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration? D) include only the green plants. a) carbon dioxide. . D) Photosystem II does not transfer electrons from photons. c) glucose, ADP, NADP+. If the Moons spherical surface provided specular reflection, what would it resemble at full moon? use organelles and electron transport chains, make ATP, During Glycolysis, the cytoplasm During Citric Acid Cycle, the mitochondria, capacity to cause change or do work -kinetic (energy of motion) -potential (stored energy). Plants appear green as they absorb these colors and reflect mostly green light. c. CO2 is needed to produce sugars in the Calvin cycle. six? light . D) Most of the young trees would die within a few years. B) Each preferentially absorbs slightly different wavelengths of light. D) absorb less CO2 than the plants under green light. This drives the reactions to form ATP and NADPH. 2) Carbon dioxide absorption is an appropriate indicator of photosynthesis because Where do the light-dependent reactions take place? Solved Saved Question 1 (2 points) You're conducting an | Chegg.com D) production is associated with events taking place on the inner mitochondrial membrane. d) reduction of NADP+. 26) Why are most plants green? Plant cells are protected from the harmful effects of reactive oxidative molecules by. Based on this information, which part of cellular respiration would be stopped if arsenic were ingested? 1) The summary equation for photosynthesis is A) 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + sunlight C6H12O6 + 6 O2. 27) Which of the following colors contributes the least energy to photosynthesis? Males: In the 7 th weekof development, the SRY gene on the Y chromosome activates anumber of genes, and the gonads develop as testes. Container A is placed under normal sunlight, B under green light, and C under red light. E) protects Earth from UV radiation. Disrupting microfilament formation would affect the it is difficult to observe individual chromosomes during interphase because, they are in the form of long, thin strands and have not condensed yet. C) plants produce oxygen gas by splitting CO2. D) mushrooms . d) G3P. the number of chloroplasts in the cell decreases as the temperature increases, the rate of oxygen production is greatest in section m. Which of the following activities happens within the stroma? 51) To produce one glucose, the Calvin cycle needs to be run through ________ time(s). Which is the most immediate source of energy for making most of the ATP in your cells ? 57) Plants use sugars as C) photons. B) Each preferentially absorbs slightly different wavelengths of light. ) Container A is placed under normal sunlight, B under green light, and C under red light. C) eat other organisms that use light energy to make food molecules. Check all that apply b) cytoplasm . stroma. A) They help the plant conserve water and synthesize glucose efficiently under hot, dry conditions. The light reactions occur in the ________, while the Calvin cycle occurs in the ________. a) The light reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes, while the Calvin cycle occurs in the stroma. Container A is placed under normal sunlight, B under green light, and C under red light. Carbon dioxide absorption is an appropriate indicator of photosynthesis because CO2 is needed to produce sugars in the Calvin cycle. 7) ________ cells in leaves are specialized for photosynthesis. d) photosystem I. B) glucose. The electron transport chains of the light reactions. E) The principal electron carrier in photosynthesis is NADPH; the principal electron carrier in respiration is NADH. pyruvate . After the process is complete, photosynthesis releases oxygen and produces carbohydrate molecules, most commonly glucose. Convert: b) glucose, ADP, NADP+, CO2. hair color. C) The greenhouse effect will decrease the average temperature of the planet. a) pass energy to the reaction center. Plants release what gaseous by-product as a result of photosynthesis? A) glucose, ADP, NADP+ A) NADPH is reduced to NADP+. i. Stapes how did scientists alter the gene for antithrombin so that it could be isolated from milk? Which of the following are produced by reactions that take place in the thylakoids and consumed by reactions in the stroma? c) have photosynthetic pigments. Anaphase- chromatids separate and create daughter chromosome. A) carbon fixation If the rate of photosynthesis increases, the amount of carbon dioxide in the environment will decrease, and vice versa. A) It takes several minutes for the pigment electrons to become excited. B) potential 24) Sunlight is a type of ________ energy. d) blue, green, and orange. Correct Answer: CO2 is needed to produce sugars in the Calvin cycle. B) thylakoid membranes D) They make it possible for the plant to use the Calvin cycle at night. a) NADH d) Glucose (C6H12O6) B) transports H+ ions from the stroma to the thylakoid space. Carbon dioxide absorption is an appropriate indicator of photosynthesis because. Distinguish between utilitarian conservation and biocentric preservation. B) CO2 is needed to complete the light reactions. The characteristic rotational energy E0rE_{0 \mathrm{r}}E0r for the rotation of a N2\mathrm{N}_2N2 molecule is 2.48104eV2.48 \times 10^{-4} \mathrm{eV}2.48104eV. A) CO2. c) Photosystem II does not transfer electrons from photons. Compare Earth to Mars and list three similarities. D) helps transport H+ against the concentration gradient. C) reduced by the burning of fossil fuels, which removes oxygen from the atmosphere. c) the membrane brings chlorophyll closer to the light. C) Photosynthesis consumes CO2; respiration consumes O2. d) carbon monoxide. ________ to the thylakoid compartment, generating a concentration gradient of ________. D) a spring. What important fact does this argument In this drawing of a chloroplast, which structure represents the thylakoid membrane?
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