UN Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. Chapter 2: Maritime Zones - Law of the Sea Additionally, in order to control trafficking in archaeological and historical objects found at sea, a coastal State may presume that their removal from the seabed of the contiguous zone without its consent is unlawful. Chapter 3: Freedom of Navigation - Law of the Sea - Tufts University 3 (April 1965), S. REP. No. Under the Submerged Lands Act, the seaward boundary of each of the individual coastal states is generally three nautical (or geographic) miles from the coast line. In 1999, eleven years after President Reagan extended the U.S. territorial sea to 12 miles, President Clinton proclaimed a contiguous zone extending from 12 to 24 nm offshore (Presidential Proclamation No. 1. As a measure of comparison, the mass of the contiguous United States (all states except Alaska and Hawaii) 0000005113 00000 n 5. Mavi Vatan / Blue Homeland map : r/Turkey - Reddit Much of this law is codified in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, signed Dec. 10, 1982. UNCLOS replaced the four treaties of the 1958 Convention on the High Seas. With more than 160 nations participating, the conference lasted until 1982. Responsibility of the flag State for damage caused by a warship, or other government ship operated for non-commercial purposes. Concurrently, the Preparatory Commission was established to prepare for the eventual coming into force of the convention-recognized claims by applicants, sponsored by signatories of the convention. Islands within an indentation shall be included as if they were part of the water area of the indentation. 2. [2], The significance of UNCLOS stems from the fact that it systemizes and codifies the standards and principles of international maritime law, which are based on centuries of maritime experience and are expressed to a great extent in the United Nations Charter and current international maritime law norms, such as the Geneva Conventions of 1958. While the CC and its Annexes, including Annex 2, are . UNCLOS Maritime Zones - Drishti IAS Passage is innocent so long as it is not prejudicial to the peace, good order or security of the coastal state. Territorial waters definition, the waters of a littoral state that are regarded as under the jurisdiction of the state: traditionally those waters within three miles (4.8 km) of the shore, but in the 20th century claims by coastal nations have extended to 12 or even 200 miles (19.3 or 321.8 km). Watering Lawns Once a Week and $2,000 Fines: Southern Californians 397 [hereinafter LOSC]. Tension on the High Seas", "Ocean treaty: Historic agreement reached after decade of talks", "UN states agree 'historic' deal to protect high seas", List of countries that have ratified Law of the Sea Conventions, Permanent Court of Arbitration Past and Pending Cases, Decisions of the World Court Relevant to the UNCLOS (2010), United Nations Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, "Technical aspects of the UN Law of the Sea", UNEP Shelf Programme, UN organisation set up to assist States in delineating their continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles (370km), Digital Map of the World's Exclusive Economic Zones, Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea&oldid=1152341988, Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish, Sara McLaughlin Mitchell and Andrew P. Owsiak (2021). (Frederic J. Brown/AFP via Getty Images) The breadth of the territorial sea, contiguous zone, and EEZ (and in some cases the continental shelf) is measured from thebaselinedetermined in accordance with customary international law as reflected in the1982 Law of the Sea Convention offsite link. US Naval War Col. 91 (1991), Arctic Marine Shipping Assessment (AMSA) 2009 Report, The Right of Transit Passage through the Arctic Straits, Agreement between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Maritime Boundary. 41 offsite link. . Charts and lists of geographical coordinates. Foreign ships exercising the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea shall comply with all such laws and regulations and all generally accepted international regulations relating to the prevention of collisions at sea. Lewis M. Alexander, International Straits. HU}Pgn%R@ WQt!|E,e'=Zc*-D PE 'Hm-vkb-iigupLM|q;} eOZ`?nt16pF E`q2FVRQqX;HZ} $M{BCY#_UCjzrk .GJ0Dv)F-Xd(~+%1|Ct /o>jU]o[W(EVLwVU+ |(` $X,F8Ua:=4$+9%aI.:/&oBC E2Z{9bEFO2> 5, A lock ( Where because of the presence of a delta and other natural conditions the coastline is highly unstable, the appropriate points may be selected along the furthest seaward extent of the low-water line and, notwithstanding subsequent regression of the low-water line, the straight baselines shall remain effective until changed by the coastal State in accordance with this Convention. (The League of Nations called a 1930 conference at The Hague, but no agreements resulted. [28] The fifth round of talks in August 2022 failed to produce an agreement, due in part to significant disagreements over how to share benefits derived from marine genetic resources and digital sequence information. The limits of these zones are officially depicted onNOAA nautical charts. 0000003401 00000 n The most significant issues covered were setting limits, navigation, archipelagic status and transit regimes, exclusive economic zones (EEZs), continental shelf jurisdiction, deep seabed mining, the exploitation regime, protection of the marine environment, scientific research, and settlement of disputes. Nations can also temporarily suspend innocent passage in specific areas of their territorial sea, if doing so is essential for the protection of their security. All waters inside this baseline are designated "Archipelagic Waters". Are China's actions in the South China Sea lawful? It's complicated website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. 1301 et seq., and the baseline are determined using the same criteria under international law, the Three Nautical Mile Line is generally the same as the seaward boundaries of individual U.S. coastal states under the Submerged Lands Act. The territorial sea extends seaward up to 12 nautical miles (nm) from its baselines. Passage means navigation through the territorial sea for the purpose of: (a) traversing that sea without entering internal waters or calling at a roadstead or port facility outside internal waters; or. The United States objected to the provisions of Part XI of the convention on several grounds, arguing that the treaty was unfavorable to American economic and security interests. INNOCENT PASSAGE IN THE TERRITORIAL SEA, SUBSECTION A. The continental shelf of a coastal State comprises the seabed and subsoil of the submarine areas that extend beyond its territorial sea . While UNCLOS redefines the term "high seas" to exclude not only a State's territorial sea and archipelagic waters but also its EEZ, it preserves the right of all States to lay submarine cables in the EEZ, UNCLOS Article 87 (1) (c), subject to the coastal State's right to take reasonable measures for the exploration of the continental shelf and It establishes an International Seabed Authority (ISA) to authorize seabed exploration and mining and collect and distribute the seabed mining royalty. Part XII also bestows coastal and port states with broadened jurisdictional rights for enforcing international environmental regulation within their territory and on the high seas. [24], Part XII of UNCLOS contains special provisions for the protection of the marine environment, obligating all states to collaborate in this matter, as well as placing special obligations on flag states to ensure that ships under their flags adhere to international environmental regulations, often adopted by the IMO. Charges may be levied upon a foreign ship passing through the territorial sea as payment only for specific services rendered to the ship. Where a low-tide elevation is wholly situated at a distance exceeding the breadth of the territorial sea from the mainland or an island, it has no territorial sea of its own. [11], UNCLOS does not deal with matters of territorial disputes or to resolve issues of sovereignty, as that field is governed by rules of customary international law on the acquisition and loss of territory. UNCLOS Maritime Zones | BYJU'S | UPSC Contiguous zone: Beyond the 12-nautical-mile (22km) limit, there is a further 12 nautical miles (22km) from the territorial sea baseline limit, the contiguous zone. Territorial waters -Out to 12 nautical miles (22 kilometres; 14 miles) from the baseline, the coastal state is free to set laws, regulate use, and use any resource. territorial sea: 12 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive fishing zone: 32-52 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm, Australia, Chile, and Argentina claim Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) rights or similar over 200 nm extensions seaward from their continental claims, but like the claims themselves, these zones are not accepted by other countries; 22 of 29 Antarctic Treaty consultative parties have made no claims to Antarctic territory, although Russia and the United States have reserved the right to do so, and no country can make a new claim; also see the Disputes - international entry, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitationexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmcontinental shelf: extending to boundaries to be determined, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 18 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: to the outer limits of the continental margin, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: geographic coordinates define outer limitcontinental shelf: median line with neighbors, territorial sea: 12 nm in the north, 3 nm in the south; note - from the mouth of the Sarstoon River to Ranguana Cay, Belize's territorial sea is 3 nm; according to Belize's Maritime Areas Act, 1992, the purpose of this limitation is to provide a framework for negotiating a definitive agreement on territorial differences with Guatemalaexclusive economic zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 200 nm; note: the US does not recognize this claimcontinental shelf: 200 nmexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to edge of the continental margin, territorial sea: 12 nmEnvironment (Protection and Preservation) Zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nm or to median line, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmmeasured from claimed archipelagic baselines, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200/350 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 12 nmexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: since 2011, the DRC has had a Common Interest Zone agreement with Angola for the mutual development of off-shore resources, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin, territorial sea: 3 nmexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental marginmeasured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nmnote: Ecuador has declared its right to extend its continental shelf to 350 nm measured from the baselines of the Galapagos Archipelago, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nm or the equidistant median line with Cypruscontinental shelf: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: limits as agreed to by Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Sweden, and Russia, territorial sea: 12 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nmexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or agreed boundaries or median lineexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm or agreed boundaries or median line, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitationmeasured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines, territorial sea: 12 nm (in the Gulf of Finland - 3 nm)contiguous zone: 24 nmcontinental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitationexclusive fishing zone: 12 nm; extends to continental shelf boundary with Sweden, Estonia, and Russia, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nm (does not apply to the Mediterranean Sea)continental shelf: 200m depth or to the depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nm from Iles Kerguelen and Iles Eparses (does not include the rest of French Southern and Antarctic Lands); Juan de Nova Island and Tromelin Island claim a continental shelf of 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 18 nmcontinental shelf: extent not specifiedexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm, note: effective 3 January 2009, the Gaza maritime area is closed to all maritime traffic and is under blockade imposed by Israeli Navy until further notice, territorial sea: 6 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 3 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or agreed boundaries or median lineexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm or agreed boundaries or median line, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive fishing zone: 12 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to the outer edge of the continental margin, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: to depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: natural extension of territory or to 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmmeasured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: bilateral agreements or median lines in the Persian Gulfcontinental shelf: natural prolongation, territorial sea: 12 nmcontinental shelf: not specified, territorial sea: 12 nmcontinental shelf: to depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to edge of the continental marginmeasured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines, territorial sea: 12 nm; between 3 nm and 12 nm in the international straits - La Perouse or Soya, Tsugaru, Osumi, and the Korea and Tsushima Straitscontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmnote: military boundary line 50 nm in the Sea of Japan and the exclusive economic zone limit in the Yellow Sea where all foreign vessels and aircraft without permission are banned, territorial sea: 12 nm; between 3 nm and 12 nm in the Korea Straitcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: not specified, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: limits as agreed to by Estonia, Finland, Latvia, Sweden, and Russiacontinental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive fishing zone: 62 nmnote: Gulf of Sidra closing line - 32 degrees, 30 minutes north, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or 100 nm from the 2,500-m isobath, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation; specified boundary in the South China Sea, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmmeasured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitationexclusive fishing zone: 25 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental marginmeasured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 12 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontinental shelf: defined by treaty, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmcontinental shelf: natural prolongation, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 10 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nm or edge of continental margin, territorial sea: 12 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitationexclusive fishing zone: 200 nmmeasured from claimed archipelagic baselines, territorial sea: 200 nm; note: the US does not recognize this claimexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm, territorial sea: irregular polygon extending up to 100 nm from coastline as defined by 1898 treaty; since late 1970s has also claimed polygonal-shaped area in South China Sea as wide as 285 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: to the depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: defined by international treaties, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: as determined by bilateral agreements or the median line, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmmeasured from claimed archipelagic baselines, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 18 nmcontinental shelf: not specified, territorial sea: 3 nmexclusive fishing zone: within and beyond territorial sea, as defined in treaties and practice, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nmmeasured from claimed archipelagic baselines, territorial sea: 200 nm; note: the US does not recognize this claimexclusive economic zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nm (applies only to the Atlantic Ocean), territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 18 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmcontinental shelf: extends to depth of exploitationexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nm (adjustments made to return a portion of straits to high seas)exclusive economic zone: agreed boundaries or midlinescontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 30 nm; note: the US does not recognize this claimexclusive economic zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to the outer edge of the continental marginmeasured from claimed archipelagic baselines, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 12 nm, territorial sea: 6 nm in the Aegean Seaexclusive economic zone: in Black Sea only: to the maritime boundary agreed upon with the former USSR12 nm in Black Sea and in Mediterranean Sea, territorial sea: 12 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 m or to the depth of exploitation, territorial sea: 12 nmcontinental shelf: as defined in continental shelf orders or in accordance with agreed upon boundariesexclusive fishing zone: 200 nm, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: not specified, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or the edge of continental margin, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 24 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental marginmeasured from claimed archipelagic baselines, territorial sea: 12 nmcontiguous zone: 15 nmexclusive economic zone: 200 nmcontinental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation, a variety of situations exist, but in general, most countries make the following claims measured from the mean low-tide baseline as described in the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea: territorial sea - 12 nm, contiguous zone - 24 nm, and exclusive economic zone - 200 nm; additional zones provide for exploitation of continental shelf resources and an exclusive fishing zone; boundary situations with neighboring states prevent many countries from extending their fishing or economic zones to a full 200 nm, Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha, United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges, Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI).
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